Before the emergence of ISIS, there was an idea that the danger of Neosalafism is limited in the Middle East but it is accepted that this kind of fundamentalism threatens international security. The growing number of European citizens joining Neosalafist groups such as ISIS shows that Europe is confronting one of the most important security dilemmas after World War II. What are the most important reasons of joining the European young people to Neosalafist groups? What are the main security consequences of this phenomenon in Europe? On the basis of Casstell's theory, the process of “identity making project" in Europe could not attract European Muslims and led to creation of “identity resistance" in European Muslims and expansion on Neosalafism. The aim of this article is to examine the reasons of the Neosalafism expansion in Europe and security consequences of this expansion in the European society.

Within Systemic Functional Linguistics, Grammatical Metaphor (GM) is a meaning-making resource lying at the experiential level that extends the meaning potential through cross-stratal re-mappings between the grammar and the semantics, boiling down, in one of its manifestations to expressing something that should have been a process (verb) in terms of a thing (noun). This study is an attempt at seeing how the frequency of GM used in the novel ‘ Frankenstein’ written by Mary Shelly plays out in its cinematic adaptation. It is an attempt at investigating possible differences in the use of GM in the novel as a type of literary prose fiction and in one of its cinematic adaptations, the respective frequencies, along with what implications these differences carry in terms of generic features and functions of GM. In the 4200-word corpus analyzed for the movie adaptation, there were 70 instances of GM emerging upon analysis. In the 4200-word purposively sampled excerpt of the novel, there were above 330 instances of GM emerging. So the frequency of instances of GM in the written version was much more than that in the cinematic adaptation. This significant difference carries many possible cognitive, semantic, discursive, generic and textual implications. A number of pedagogical implications accrue to this research, such as increasing the knowledge of teachers and English language instructors with regard to the role of GM in making metaphorical forms in different texts, increasing knowledge of how to approach the teaching of the skill of reading and writing in upper-intermediate and intermediate classes, deeper critical reading abilities for learners, etc.

Halliday’s theory of Systemic functional grammar reflects the world in language and analyzes this world in the context of language. Halliday divides the way we use language into three different metafunctions: The Ideational metafunction, the interpersonal metafunction, and the textual metafunction. The Ideational metafunction is considered in this research which is divided into empirical and logical components. In the experimental process, simple clauses are analyzed, and in the logical process, compound clauses are analyzed. The clause in Ideational metafunction is divided into three components: process, participants, and circumstances. Processes are divided into two main and sub-categories and each has three sub-sections. The main processes are material, mental, and relational and sub-processes are behavioral, verbal, and existential. In the present study, Ideational metafunction evaluation was considered in Surahs “Al-Waqi’ah” and “Al-Qiyamat” and the processes used in these Surahs and the repetition of each of these processes were discussed so that the aspects of resurrection are known in these Surahs. The research findings showed that the material process has been used in these Surahs more than other processes. The increase in this process emphasizes the occurrence of resurrection and it has given an objective aspect to this event.

The Ideational theory of meaning is the theory according to which the meaning of words is subjective ideas. This theory whose main defender (though not innovator) is Locke, has not been regarded greatly nowadays, because there are several problems which have not been resolved. In this paper, we focus on a specific aspect of this theory, namely: the semantics of general terms. First, we explain Locke's definition of "Idea" and his position on "General Terms", then we propose some suggestions that we believe could support and modify this theory. Finally, by using the concept of "Class" we show how some problems of the Ideational theory of meaning can be resolved.

In line with the general fertility changes in Iran, the west Azerbaijan has experienced a phenomenal fertility decline in recent years. In this study, in addition to cohort analysis of social and Ideational changes, we attempt to study the interactional impact of these variables on fertility behavior and ideals of Kurd and Turk women. This research is conducted by survey method. The statistical population covers ever-married women aged 15-49 residing in Orumieh district. The total sample size is 768 households out of which finally 739 questionnaires have been analyzed. A combination of sampling techniques including multistage clustering and systematic random sampling are employed. Findings show that regarding the case study a general change is observed in terms of social and family changes. According to this study a noticeable Ideational changes has occurred in marriage, childbearing, fertility behavior and ideals of women. Results confirm that social and family changes are accompanied with changes in attitudes related to marriage and childbearing and finally fertility behavior and ideals. Findings support the results of the previous researches about the diffusion of low fertility values and norms and convergence in fertility behavior and ideals of ethnic groups.

Functional linguistics is one of the most significant linguistic approaches of the 20th century, emphasizing the role of language and its structural units while examining structures beyond the sentence, namely, the text. The foundation of Halliday's Grammar relies on two attributes: Systemic and Functional. The semantic system encompasses the broadest functions of language,which Halliday calls metafunction. According to Halliday's Functional Grammar, there are six types of Ideational Metafunction: material, mental, relational, behavioral, existential, and verbal. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method to comparatively analyze these six processes in two of Mowlavi's prose works, Majalis-i Sab'e and Makatib. The aim is to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between the frequency of these process types and the textual and rhetorical structures that are considered prominent features of these works. This analysis seeks to shed light on these works’ stylistics based on Ideational metafunction proposed in Halliday's Functional Grammar, thus providing insight into the author's worldview. The obtained results indicate that in Majalis-i Sab'e, the material process is more frequent, while in Makatib, the relational process has a higher frequency. This difference can be attributed to the nature of the discourse in each work. Majalis-i Sab'e consists of sermons and public speeches while Makatib comprises letters written by Mowlavi. Furthermore, among the nine peripheral elements, the spatial element has a high frequency in both works. Considering that the material process is the factor that raises transitivity and the relational process is the factor that lowers the transitivity of the text, low transitivity of Makatib has been compensated to some extent by the high frequency of the peripheral elements. This compensation allows the text to fulfill its intended purpose of teaching ethics and humanity.

Halliday`s Systemic Functional Grammar analyzes text in context. Based on this theory, in the study of texts, , we are faced with three metafunctions: Ideational metafunction, Interpersonal metafunction and textual metafunction, that Ideational metafunction divided into experiential and logical ones. In experiential metafunctions the six processes, participants, and circumstances are analyzed. According to some experts, Garshasbnameh is the best heroic poem after Shahnameh among heroic texts. For this reason, in this study, the Tahmidiyehs of Shahnameh and Garshasbnameh have been selected for comparison based on Ideational metafunction of the Halliday`s Systemic Functional Grammar to determine how similar the Tahmidiyehs of these two works are linguistically and if we assume that Asadi has tried to write a work like Ferdowsi’ s Shahnameh, how much has he achieved his goal? After the study, it was found that in both Shahnameh and Garshasbnameh, the material process has the highest percentage. According to the genre of these two works, which is epic, this result and attention to the material process is predictable. Since the nature of Tahmidiyeh is to praise God, God is the main participant in most of these processes and the percentages are almost equal. It can be acknowledged, with a little forgiveness, Asadi has been able to follow in the footsteps of Ferdowsi in composing the Tahmidiyeh of Garshasbnameh, and the Tahmidiyeh of Garshasbnameh is equal to the Tahmidiyeh of Shahnameh from the view point of Ideational metafunction.

The systematic functional grammar of Michael Halliday, an English linguist, is one of the most important pillars of functional linguistics, which emphasizes the importance of function and meaning and examines texts by relying on three Ideational, interpersonal and textual Meta functions. Meta function of thought is based on six processes: material, verbal, mental, relational, existential and behavioral. In Halliday's view, the text is analyzed based on the function of these processes. In this research, the sermon of Hazrat Zeinab (PBUH) has been analyzed according to Halliday's theory in the field of meta-function of thought to receive and determine the linguistic process of the sermon. The present research tries to compare the linguistic processes of Hazrat Zeinab (PBUH) descriptively and statistically by adapting this model to the Sham sermon. The results show that the material process has the highest frequency because Hazrat Zainab (PBUH), as the ambassador of Karbala and the messenger of this movement, tried to enlighten the people and reveal the facts that occurred in Karbala. Therefore, the material process has the greatest capacity for this important issue. The material process has the greatest capacity to communicate this important point. In this mental process, the most important goal of the orator is to draw the audience's attention to her intellectual and ideological errors. Direct addressing and using the motivational power of commanding and forbidding actions have been aimed at influencing the audience's thought.

Lyrical literature, as one of the most widespread types of literature, is presented in the context of the "literary and emotional" function of language and expresses the personal feelings and emotions of the "speaker". The purpose of this type of literature is to report and express the feelings of the speaker and, at the same time, to please the audience. Each of the speakers of lyrical literature, according to the theme of their work, has used components that have given a lyrical color to their work and have distinguished it from other literary works. The methods of using lyrical elements in each of the systems of Persian literature are numerous and diverse. Factors such as "lyrical compositions and interpretations", "soft and delicate descriptions", "sad and isolationist atmosphere", "loving and beloved action", "inner monologues of the main character", etc. are the most prominent manifestations of lyrical literature. This study tries to study the lyrical poems of "Badnauni's Sinner", one of the unknown poets of the return period, by using the Ideational metafunction in the Functional Approach of Halliday. This lyric poet used different methods to express his lyrical thought, and it is noteworthy that he changed his attitude during his poetic period, and from his initial attitude, which was similar to the love poems of the Iraqi style house, in a period of his life he leans towards the view of the poets of "Maktab Voqou’". This study tries to answer the question that based on the paradigm of thought and the evolution of the worldview of the "Bedouin sect" in lyrical poems, what changes have caused the level of use of "verbs"? Findings show that the change, decline, and ultimately degradation of the status of "beloved" as the main character of his lyric poems are shown through the reduction of the presence of this participle in "material and mental processes" and the high frequency of "interrogative clauses" which mean "reproach and exclamation". Keywords: Lyrical Literature, Functional Approach, Ideational Metafunction, Mozneb Badayouni.   IntroductionSome of the valuable works of Persian culture and literature are manuscripts that remain unknown and have not yet been corrected or published. In this regard, one of the tasks of Persian literature researchers is to revive precious works. Mozneb Badayouni is one of the poets of the Qajar period and the return literary style, whose Divan (book of poems) remains unknown to researchers and lovers of Persian literature. After searching in the system of important libraries such as the National Library, the Central Library of Tehran University, the Malik Library, the Islamic Council, Astan Quds Razavi, and some libraries of other countries such as the Michigan Library and the National Library of England, it was found that no proofreading and research was done on this copy,therefore, it is necessary to address this issue in order to introduce a poet of the Qajar period and the return literary style to the literary community of the country, so that researchers and those interested in the hidden treasures of Persian literature can take the next steps to clarify areas such as the worldview of the poet from the political-social situation of the period. So far, no significant action has been taken regarding Mozneb Badayouni and his divan,no special research has been done about the life and cultural and literary personality of Mozneb, and some biographies have only mentioned his name and sign. Therefore, this research about Mozneb is considered an unprecedented and new work. The author of these lines, as the first researcher, corrected the Divan of Poems of a creative poet, so that in this way, interested people will get to know one of these valuable and neglected works, called "Divan of Poems of Mozneb Badayouni". "Lyric literature" as one of the most extensive types of literature, is presented within the framework of the "literary and emotional" function of language and expresses the personal feelings and emotions of the "speaker". The purpose of this type of literature is to report and express the feelings of the speaker and, at the same time, to give pleasure to the audience. Each of the speakers of lyrical literature has used components that give their work a lyrical color and make it different from other literary works. The ways of using lyrical elements in each of the Persian literature systems are numerous and diverse. Factors such as "lyrical compositions and interpretations", "soft and tender descriptions", "sad atmosphere and isolation", "lover and beloved activism", "inner monologues of the main character", etc. are among the indicators. The most expressive forms of literature are lyrical. This research tries to study the lyrical poems of "Mozneb Badayouni", one of the unknown poets of the return period, by using Ideational metafunction in Halliday’s Functional Approach. The main content of his poems is the concept of "love" and specifically "earthly love". In many of his romantic lyric poems, he looked at the concept of "love" and the relationship between "lover and beloved" in the manner of his predecessors, such as Saadi, Kamal al-Din Isfahani, Hafez, etc, and presented the same picture that the likes of Saadi have drawn of the lover. Besides this concept, traces of "Malamatiyya thought" can also be seen in many cases in his Ghazals. Mozneb has considered "love" as the highest concept of existence and "May, Maykadeh" as one of the most popular concepts and places in his Malamati attitude. In his Ghazal, words such as "bloody", "killed", "cruel", "ruthless", "hard-hearted" etc. have a significant frequency, which clearly reminds us of "beloved" in the poetry of the Iraqi period. Of course, sometimes the semantic load of these words has intensified and they have been replaced by words such as "murder", "killer" and "killed". Mozneb Badayouni, the lyrical poet, used different methods to express his lyrical thought, and the point to consider is that during his period as a poet, he changed in his attitude, from his initial attitude in a period of his life to the viewpoint of the poets of the Maktab Voqou’ and Va Soukht. It tends to occur and burn. This method has created the most changes and transformations in the poetic subjects after the Iraqi style. According to political and social reasons and, as a result, cultural and literary issues during half a century, this school established principles and foundations for itself, which continued its life purposefully and coherently during the Qajar era. The language of the poetry of the mentioned period is generally an imitation of the poetry of the Iraqi and Khorasani periods. but by studying the works of the poets of this period, we find out that the poets of the return, as they should, do not have a good command of the rules of morphology and syntax and other aspects of the language of the poetry of the past periods (Iraqi-Khorasani), which is why their language is crude and elementary. On the other hand, some linguistic issues of this period are influenced by the Indian style, or the Afshariya and Zandiye periods. This research tries to answer the question that, based on the Ideational metafunction, the evolution of the worldview of "Mozneb Badayouni" in lyric poetry has caused what changes in the level of used "verbs"? Systemic Functional Grammar is organized based on three metafunctions: Ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction. Ideational metafunction means re-expressing the experiences that were created in connection with the outside world and then transferred to the mind. Since the Ideational metafunction is the result of the combination of the process (verbal group), the participants of the process (nominal and adjective group), and the event (adverbial group), it can represent past experimental realities through grammatical structures. This potential capacity is provided by the mechanism or system of expressing Ideational metafunction in language, which is called the "Transitional System". Literature ReviewAfter the emergence of functional linguistics in the West, some researchers in Iran also analyzed literary texts based on the teachings of this approach. Aghagolzadeh (1384) has discussed the role, application, and importance of the Functional approach in the analysis and explanation of literary works, and while explaining Halliday's theoretical issues, he has analyzed Hafez's Ghazals in the framework of the functional approach. Khan Jan and Mirza (2005) tried to provide a functional analysis of poetic discourse and effective factors in poetic communication. Jahani and Hosseini (2019) in research entitled "Analysis of Ideational metafunctions in the Poem "Khan-e Hashtom" by Mehdi Akhavan Sales… showed that in this poem, Akhavan makes the most use of mental processes and then relational and verbal processes. The narrative form of the story, the presence of a narrator in the narration and then the presence of the poet as the second narrator, the predominance of the descriptive structure of the story, and also the connection with the story of Haft Khan Rostam can be considered the most important reasons for the use of these types of processes in this poem. Monshizadeh and Elahian (2014) tried to understand the fundamental components of Saadi's Golestan and explained their main features in the construction and selection of various processes, and concluded that since the subject of Golestan is related to humans and the relationships between humans, the behavioral process is the most obvious in Saadi's intellectual poetry. Miladi and Vafaei (2017) investigated the functional mystical experiences in the intuitive dreams of Kashf al-Asrar and Mokashefat al-Anwar by Rozbahan Baghli and showed that the specific course of language processes in different stages of revelation from "material" to "mental" is used to explain the upward course of the devotee from the position of " quest " to the position of "perdition". In their research, Delbari and Sadeghinia (2016) classified the verbs in six short stories of Zoya Pirzad into six material, mental, communicative, behavioral, expressive, and existential processes, respectively, and based on these frequencies, they have shown the way of thinking and attitude of the author. The findings of this research show that the material process and then the behavioral process are the stylistic characteristics of Pirzad's stories. On the other hand, due to the abundant use of the material process, it can be said that Pirzad's view is realistic. MethodologyThe method of gathering information has been done by referring to the poet's divan (book of poems) and using library resources. In the first stage of the research, the required manuscripts are first prepared, and the original version that is the basis is determined. Of course, our basis was the availability of the version. The available copies of this work are the manuscript of the National Assembly Library (3 copies in one volume including Ghazals and quatrains) and the fourth copy from the Central Library and Document Center of Tehran University (copy number: 4548). With the guidance of the advisor and reader (taking into account criteria such as oldness, completeness, good handwriting, and few mistakes), the basic version (the third version of the National Council Library) is determined. Considering that the title of the research is related to the poet of the 13th century, in compiling the introduction and background of the research, he has used the library and descriptive-analytical method in the usual way in the humanities. The study method is in-text and with a critical view. The type of study is descriptive-analytical, and the method is descriptive (including the investigation of how the Ideational metafunction processes are arranged) and analytical (including the exploration of the contexts and the reason for the particular formation of those processes). The statistical population of this research is 100 romantic Ghazals with the theme of "earthly love" from the Divan of poems of this poet of the return period. The sample unit is "Ghazal" and the unit of analysis is "verb". ConclusionBy studying the text of these Ghazals and analyzing their content, it was found that these poems can generally be placed in two main categories: First, the Ghazals that express the "relationship between lover and beloved" following the style of Iraqi poets,in this category of Ghazals, Mozneb is a follower of great poets like Saadi Shirazi and Kamaluddin Abdul Razzaq Esfahani in his poetic style. The second category is the Ghazals, which were formed by the evolution and transformation of the poet's attitude towards the "relationship between lover and beloved". The style and content of this category of Ghazals are similar to the styles of Maktab Voqou’ and Va Soukht and poems like "Vahshi Bafghi" and "Babafaghani". In the first type of Ghazals, according to the content of each Ghazal, Mozneb Badayouni used different linguistic processes. In these Ghazals, three characters with the title "Love, Lover, and Beloved" are the main characters. In the textual context of these Ghazals, relational processes have the highest number of processes, with about 45%. The poet in the position of "lover" has described the appearance, physical characteristics, and moral characteristics of the beloved in the form of these processes. In these Ghazals, the beloved has a face similar to the beloveds in the Iraqi style of poetry. The beloved's "face, eyes, lips, cheeks, height, face, and hair" are introduced to the audience through relational processes,in the next order, "material" processes have a higher frequency than other processes, with about 28%. In most of these processes, "you/beloved" has appeared in the form of the semantic role of "active" and in front of " I/lover, " it has a passive face that has been affected by the cruel actions of the beloved. The beloved has the largest share in the arena of actors in Mozneb’s Ghazal. Mental processes with a frequency of about 23% are in the next order. The most commonly used verbal infinitives in these processes are "seeing", "looking" and "knowing". "Behavioral processes" with a limited percentage of "about 3%" are one of the less frequent processes in the textual context of this category of Ghazals. The most commonly used verbal infinitives in these processes are "crying" and "moaning" and their main participles are "me/lover". "Beloved" also participates in behavioral processes, but unlike the lover, constantly "laughs" and has no pity for the lover. In the "second type" of his Ghazals, Mozneb has found a real and true view of the concept of "love and beloved" and there is no sign of "pure helplessness and submission" in front of the beloved in his poetry. The beloved he depicts in such poems is no longer the "cruel and powerful beloved" who possesses the lover, and the lover has no choice but to cry and wail against their cruel actions. The transformation of the attitude of Mozneb towards the concept of "love" and "earthly lover" originates more than anything from the social and political developments of the Qajar era and the anxiety and tensions that prevailed in this historical period. The social and political conditions have gradually changed Mozneb’s attitude to the relationship between "lover and beloved" and in many of his sonnets, "lover" is no longer an oppressed and inevitable figure,rather, he is fed up with the cruel actions of the unfaithful lover and opens his mouth to protest. The main manifestation of this attitude change at the level of language processes is the reduction of the presence of the beloved in material processes and the semantic role of the actor. The findings of the research show the change, decline, and finally degradation of the position of "beloved" as the main character of his Ghazals through the reduction of the presence of this participant in "material and mental processes" and the high frequency of "interrogative clauses" that have the meaning of "reprimand".