Biodiversity is essential for human survival and economic well being and for the ecosystem function and stability. In this study, two classification methods were used simultaneously for determining ecosystem units. 111 plant species in 58 plots were appropriated to four unites: unit 1 (Pyrus syriaca), Unit 2 (Quercus infectoria group), Unit 3 (Q. brantii) and unit 4 (Rosa caniana). Six diversity and evenness indices consist of: Shannon's (H¢), Simpson's reciprocal, Hill's N1 Pielou's J ¢, Alatalo's F and Molinari's G were calculated. One way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparison tests were used to study differences among ecosystem units. Q. infectoria and R. caniana units had more species diversity than others. Slope, aspect, elevation, trees and herbal percent coverage were used in analyses. Discriminat analysis result to construct discriminant function based on slope percent and Molinari's index.

For achievement a sustainable environmental management, it will require an increased focus on the designing native sustainable environmental development models. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to design an effective modeling of sustainable environmental development using grounded theory. The population used in this study are the residents of Sharveineh Village. This village is located in JAVANROUD county of Kermanshah province. In 2011, Sharveineh Village introduced as "clean village". In this study 14 villagers have been selected in the method of sampling. The survey was conducted during Feb.2010 to May 2011 and data were collected through semi–structured interview. The concept were categorized in 6 levels, Which are, implementation of environmental project, participation and cooperation of all villagers, existence leaderships, local and governmental organization support environment who were believing in environmental issues, training on impact of environmental disaster and indigenous knowledge and previous experience in the field of environment. This study recommend that Sharveineh Village could be as an indigenous pattern used to achieve a sustainable development environment.

Whenever slop is exposed to unsteadiness, landslide occurrence is unavoidable on the surface according to the heavy rain, under layers of the slop and fault movement.

Achieving sustainable and comprehensive development depends on social participation, and it is necessary to pay attention to it and to emphasize it, because with its support, people can undertake their destiny and achieve specific and pre-determined goals. This research was conducted to sociologically investigate social participation and the factors affecting it in the less developed counties of JAVANROUD and Ravansar in Kermansha Province. The research method is survey (quantitative) and a questionnaire tool was used to collect data. The statistical population of this research is all citizens over 18 years old living in JAVANROUD and Ravansar Counties. The sample size for this research was 384 individuals who were selected based on multi-stage cluster sampling method. Pearson's correlation coefficent and multivarite regression were used to analyze the data. The findings of the research indicate the average level of social participation in the Counties of JAVANROUD and Ravansar and there is a significant relationship between the independent variables (localism, family orientation, marital status and gender) and the dependent variable (social participation). The results from regression analysis showed that independent variables ecplain a small amount of changes in dependent variables, and among the factors influencing social participation the variables of family orientation, local orientation, gender and marriage had the greatest impact respectively.

Land use has always been one of the concerns of planners, policy makers, and executive managers in the fields of environmental science and planning. In this connection, the unauthorized change of agricultural land use is considered one of the most important challenges of mankind in this century due to its many adverse effects on the sustainability of the environment. Changing the use of agricultural land causes various problems. Among the problems of agricultural land use change is that the village undergoes cultural-social, economic, and environmental changes. In terms of methodology, the current research is causal explanatory and survey method. This research has been conducted with the general purpose of analyzing the factors affecting the change of agricultural land use in the peri-urban villages of Javanrood city and investigates the factors affecting the occurrence of land use changes. who were chosen because of their responsibility to monitor and control land use change in rural areas. The findings of this research showed that economic, legal, cultural-social, administrative and organizational, and climatic-environmental factors are effective on the change of agricultural land use. Also, the investigation of the type of change of use indicated that the highest rate is related to tourism, followed by residential, commercial, and industrial. Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that it is necessary to review and modify the regulations and rules related to the change of agricultural land use and to monitor its proper implementation. Also, the seriousness of managers, people's participation, and the support of local officials are very important in this field.

This research was conducted with the aim of sociological study of the factors affecting social participation in the cities of JAVANROUD and Ravansar. In this research, we want to know the level of social participation of the citizens of JAVANROUD and Ravansar cities and examine and test the factors affecting social participation to determine what factors have influenced the reduction of social participation? The theoretical framework of this research is taken from the opinions of experts of the old school of modernization, such as Lerner and Rogers, etc. The research method was a survey and the research tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research was all citizens over 18 years old living in the counties of JAVANROUD and Ravansar. The sample size was 384 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The findings of the research indicate the average level of social participation in the counties of JAVANROUD and Ravansar, and there is a significant relationship between the independent variables (fatalism, education, age and gender) and the dependent variable (social participation). There is no significant relationship between social class variable and social participation. The results of the regression analysis showed that the value of the multiple correlation coefficient is 0.393 and the independent variables explain 14.6% of the changes in the dependent variable, And among the factors affecting social participation, only the variables of age and fatalism have been effective respectively. The results showed that fatalism is the driver of social participation.

Background and Objectives: Long-term weather data is of particular importance in hydrometeorology studies. Unfortunately, the 60-years meteorological data record in Iran is not responsible for study of extreme weather events. Tree-ring width data from sensitive trees to weather conditions are good resources for reconstruction of past climate. In recent decades, unlike Iran many studies in this field have been done. According to simultaneous effect of short and long term moisture sources on annual tree-ring growth, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different moisture sources on tree-ring width and reconstruction of moisture conditions during the available tree-ring data period.Materials and Methods: In this study the tree-ring width chronology was obtained from Quercus Infectoria trees located in JAVANROUD (Kermanshah) at an altitude of 2300 m.a.s.l. which is in the period of 1818-2009. Required climate data was prepared from 7 meteorological stations (3 stations from Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization and 4 stations from the Ministry of Energy). Simultaneous effect of short and long-term water resources was investigated on growth of trees by using multivariate standard precipitation index (MSPI), which is based on modified standardized precipitation index (SPImod). The index is based on principal component analysis technique (PCA).Results: Results of correlation between MSPI and tree rings width during 1968-2008 showed that the overall status of water resources in January to September had the greatest impact on growth of oak trees and the highest MSPI correlation with tree ring width was in July. Then based on linear relationship between tree ring width and MSPI of July, this index was reconstructed over the 1818-2008 periods. According to the results of this research, droughts average duration were 2 years, nevertheless severe droughts duration were 3 and 4 years. The most severe droughts during the past two centuries have occurred in the 1960-1963, 1827-1830 and 1999-2001 periods, respectively.Results have a good agreement with Iran’s historical famines and droughts records and also with neighbor countries research results, far east (China) and western countries (Turkey and the Mediterranean zone), especially in the case of severe drought. But the results of this research are most consistent with the results of research conducted in countries on the path of the Mediterranean air masses (south of Mediterranean Sea and Middle East region).Conclusion: The relationship of MSPI and tree ring width was performed for the first time in this study. The results showed that the correlation coefficient of annual tree ring width with MSPI was increased in comparison with rainfall data that is probably due to considering short and long-term water resources in this Index, simultaneously. Results of drought reconstruction in this study have good agreement with results of neighboring countries as well as historical reports. It seems that the results of this research can be used for investigation of Middle East past climate, confidently.

Background and Aim: Thalassemia is the most common hereditary hemoglobinopathy of world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of thalassemia minor couples among the marriage volunteers who referred to the health-care centers of JAVANROUD city in 2013-2014.Material and Method: In this cross-sectional descriptive study 11 minor thalassemia couples were investigated based on the available records, documents and books. The data was collected through available thalassemia cases, documents and contact with the couples. After entering data into the computer, Excel software was used.Results: The results of this study showed that 11 couples equivalent to 2.0% with Thalassemia minor were diagnosed.50% of them were the final suspect and 50% of them were healthy minor disease carriers. Also based on these findings %36.36 of couples carried out further tests and %54.54 of them didn't carry out this test. Only two cases (9% of healthy disease carriers) of them have college education.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study none of the couples canceled their marriage which indicates low awareness or lack of adequate training in this field. It is necessary to improve counseling programs and diagnosis before marriage. Also continuous monitoring on laboratory activities before marriage should be done.

Developing countries are severely vulnerable to climate hazards. Global changes in climate patterns and events alter the quality and access to natural resources which leads to a widespread impact on their social and economic systems which is a kind of threat to today's societies and future generations. Rural communities are among the areas most affected by climate hazards and fluctuations, which require adaptive action to protect their livelihoods from the effects of climate hazards, which requires understanding and adaptation measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptation capacity and its components to climate hazards in two villages of Sefidbarg and Bivandsofla using a combined descriptive-analytic approach based on questionnaire data. The variables included in this study include individual characteristics and adaptation indices to climate hazards including economic, social, infrastructure, personal knowledge, and government. Effectiveness of each component and analysis of data collected were analyzed using statistical techniques. The results showed that the local communities of Bivandsofla village with average of 2. 33 and Sefidbarg village with average of 2. 88 have low adaptation capacity in the face of climate hazards phenomenon, and low adaptation capacity of these two villages directly related with economic, social, infrastructure, individual knowledge and the government. The infrastructure component also has the highest adaptation capacity and the economic, social, individual knowledge and government components have the lowest adaptability capacity. It is therefore necessary to pay special attention to improving the capacity of societies to adapt to the economic, social, individual and governmental components. Prior knowledge of the factors affecting adaptation capacity and the provision of supportive policies by related organizations may allow for increased adaptive capacity in planning change management strategies.