Background and aims: Just culture is conceptualized as a rational approach to human error and its fallibility. A good evaluation of just culture in an organization is needed to effectively design and implement of preventive measures to reduce the events and injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian language version of just culture questionnaire (JCQ).Methods: JC questionnaire contains 27 questions in six dimensions of JC. The Persian version of JC questionnaire was prepared by the standard method, forward-backward translation. In order to evaluate the content validity, the questionnaire was sent to 28 ergonomists and the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated. The reliability of questionnaire was determined when 221 questionnaires were fulfilled by hospital nurseries.Results: After initial evaluations by experts partial revisions in some subscales were made to approve the CVR. By revisions, the validity of all subscales and consequently the JCQ were confirmed. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for JCQ dimensions was ranged from 0.65 to 0.89. The total coefficient for the JCQ showed that the questionnaire has high internal consistency in all dimensions measured (a=0.894).Conclusion: This study showed that the validity and reliability of the Persian version of JCQ are acceptable and it is applicable for assessment of just culture in Iranian organizations and workplaces.

Background: Poorly functioning work environments may lead to dissatisfaction for the employees and financial loss for the employers. The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) was designed to measure social and psychological characteristics of work environments.Objective: To investigate the factor construct of the Finnish 14-item version of JCQ when applied to professional orchestra musicians.Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, the questionnaire was sent by mail to 1550 orchestra musicians and students.630 responses were received. Full data were available for 590 respondents (response rate 38%).The questionnaire also contained questions on demographics, job satisfaction, health status, health behaviors, and intensity of playing music. Confirmatory factor analysis of the 2-factor model of JCQ was conducted.Results: Of the 5 estimates, JCQ items in the "job demand" construct, the "conflicting demands" (question 5) explained most of the total variance in this construct (79%) demonstrating almost perfect correlation of 0.63. In the construct of "job control, " "repetitive work" (question 10) demonstrated a perfect correlation index of 0.84 and the items "little decision freedom" (question 14) and "allows own decisions" (question 6) showed substantial correlations of 0.77 and 0.65.Conclusion: The 2-factor model of the Finnish 14-item version of JCQ proposed in this study fitted well into the observed data. The "conflicting demands, " "repetitive work, " "little decision freedom, " and "allows own decisions" items demonstrated the strongest correlations with latent factors suggesting that in a population similar to the studied one, especially these items should be taken into account when observed in the response of a population.

Introduction: Job stress can influence job turnover in organizations. Little data is available on job stress dimensions and their relationship to job turnover among Iranian nurses. The aims of this study were investigating job stress dimensions and examining their relationship to job change intention among nurses. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 385 randomly selected nurses from hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences participated. The Persian version of Job Content Questionnaire (P-JCQ) and demographic questionnaires were used for data collection. Using SPSS (version 11.5) software, descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U test were applied for data analysis.Results: The means (SD) of decision latitude, psychological job demands, social support, physical job demands and job insecurity were found to be 58.15 (6.50), 38.19 (5.14), 22.67 (3.67), 16.03 (2.58) and 7.74 (3.85), respectively. The results revealed that decision latitude and social support dimensions had low levels, but psychological and physical job demands as well as job insecurity dimensions had high levels among the study subjects. The findings showed that 56.4% of the subjects intended to change their jobs. The mean score of all job stress dimensions had significant relationship with job turnover.Conclusion: The majority of subjects were exposed to high levels of job stress and most of nurses intended to change their jobs. Based on the results, any interventional program for minimizing job turnover should focus on reducing job insecurity and physical job demands as well as increasing decision latitudes and social support among nurses.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are major problems among hospital staff. One of the most important reasons for these disorders are patient handling tasks and psychosocial stressors. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and psychosocial stressors caused by patients handling among nurse aids. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 56 nurse aids of Fasa University of Medical Sciences in 2017. The data were collected via Nordic questionnaire, MAPO index checklist and job content questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables and the Chisquare test for analyzing the data. Results: The results showed that the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was in the lower back (71. 4%) and the least in the thigh and neck area (46. 4%). The results of MAPO index for risk of musculoskeletal disorders showed that 9 out of 12 sections (63. 2%) were in the 2nd level. Also, the average score of the dimensions of the psychological job demands and the physical job demands are high and the average score of social support is low, which indicates high stress. Also, the physical job demands (P=0. 035), social support (P=0. 002) and job insecurity (P=0. 001) were related to the levels of MAPO risks. Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, the prevalence of lower back pain is high and nurse aids experience many psychosocial stressors in their job life. So the training of ergonomic principles and the use of auxiliary equipment during the transport of patients, as well as the reduction of stressors such as the psychological and physical job demand and the lack of social support and job insecurity by authorities, the risk of musculoskeletal disorders can be reduced.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of job dissatisfaction, and to ascertain the association between job strain and job dissatisfaction and socio-demographic and occupational factors among laboratory staff of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM).Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 research laboratory staff in 10 faculties and 8 institutes of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Probability appropriate to size sampling and simple random sampling method were used and data were collected via Job content Questionnaire (JCQ) from September 2012 to February 2013. SPSS (version 20.0) software was used for data analysis.Results: A total of 285 laboratory staff with at least one year job tenure participated in this study (Response rate: 91.3%). The finding revealed that 47% of laboratory staff reported job dissatisfaction. The results of this survey showed laboratory staffs with age 35, and less were two-fold more likely to report job dissatisfaction than the older staff (adjusted OR=2.108, 95% CI: 1.241- 3.582). Laboratory staffs with higher toxic exposures 2 times more likely to report job dissatisfaction (adjusted OR=1.887, 95% CI: 1.062-3.353).Conclusion: There is a need to have training plans to increase the knowledge on toxic exposures among younger laboratory staff, which may be helpful to reduce job dissatisfaction among them.

Background: The aim of this study was to verify a path model of job stress using Thai-JCQ.Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study was 800 immigrant employees in the central region of Thailand in 2015 by stratified random sampling. Instruments used both the applied and standard questionnaires. Job stress was measured using Thai-JCQ dealt with psychosocial work factors. A path model of job stress using Thai-JCQ was verified using M-plus.Results: Variables could explain the job stress change by 22.2%. Working conditions, job securities, workloads had direct effect on job stress while, workloads had indirect effect as well. Wages did not have any significance.Conclusion: The results of this study have implications for public health under occupational health research and practice by making public health and occupational health professionals aware of the importance a comprehensive approach to job stress prevention in the vulnerable population.

Background: There is little data available on job stress dimensions and their relationship to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among Iranian nurses. The aims of this study were to investigate job stress dimensions and examine their relationship to MSDs among nurses of hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS).Methods: 385 randomly selected nurses of SUMS participated in this cross-sectional study. The Persian version of Job Content Questionnaire (P-JCQ), Nordic MSDs (NMQ), and demographic questionnaires were used for data collection. Using SPSS (version 11.5) software, descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney test were applied for data analysis.Findings: The mean±SD of decision latitude, psychological job demands, social support, physical job demands, and job insecurity were found to be 58.15±6.50, 38.19±5.14, 22.67±3.67, 16.03±2.58, and 7.74±3.85, respectively. The results revealed that decision latitude and social support dimensions had low levels, but psychological and physical job demands, and job insecurity dimensions had high levels among the study subjects. The results of NMQ showed that 89.9% of the nurses had experienced some form of MSD during the previous 12 months. Lower back symptoms were found to be the most prevalent problem reported (61.8%). Physical isometric loads was the only sub-scale of job stress dimensions that had significant relationship with MSDs. Psychological and physical job demands were found to have a statistically significant relationship with trunk region symptoms. Physical job demands were associated with upper extremities symptoms. However, decision latitude, and psychological and physical job demands had a significant relationship with lower extremities problems.Conclusion: MSDs prevalence was high among the studied nurses. In the majority of cases, subjects were exposed to high levels of job stress. Based on the results, any interventional program for MSDs prevention should focus on reducing physical and psychological job demands, and increasing decision latitude among nurses.

Background: The Job Content Questionnaire (M-JCQ) is an established self-reported instrument used across the world to measure the work dimensions based on the Karasek’s demand-control-support model.Objective: To evaluate the psychometrics properties of the Malay version of M-JCQ among nurses in Malaysia.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on nurses working in 4 public hospitals in Klang Valley area, Malaysia. M-JCQ was used to assess the perceived psychosocial stressors and physical demands of nurses at their workplaces. Construct validity of the questionnaire was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach’s α values were used to estimate the reliability (internal consistency) of the M-JCQ.Results: EFA showed that 34 selected items were loaded in 4 factors. Except for psychological job demand (Cronbach’s a 0.51), the remaining 3 α values for 3 subscales (job control, social support, and physical demand) were greater than 0.70, indicating acceptable internal consistency. However, an item was excluded due to poor item-total correlation (r<0.3). The final M-JCQ was consisted of 33 items.Conclusion: The M-JCQ is a reliable and valid instrument to measure psychosocial and physical stressors in the workplace of public hospital nurses in Malaysia.

Background: A cross sectional study conducted to identify the organizational factors associated to the occupational stress among lecturers in selected Community Colleges, Peninsular Malaysia.Methods: Study was conducted by using cluster-sampling method and 189 self-administrated questionnaires were distributed. A validated Malay version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) was used to obtain the information regarding respondent’s background and their respective job scope. JCQ described four organizational factors that were decision latitude, psychological job demand, social support and job insecurity.Results: Response rate was 87.1% with 25.9% of the lecturers were stressed. There were no significant association between occupational stress with any socio-demography factors but the result showed significant associations between occupational stress and all four organizational factors studied, decision latitude (P<0.001); psychological job demand (P<0.001); social support (P<0.001); and job insecurity (P<0.001).Conclusion: From the result, it clearly showed that stress among lecturers came from organizational factors in their workplace. The highest organizational factors reported were insufficient social support from the employer and limited authority in decision making. These factors might cause lack of communication and poor social interaction. The occupational stress among lecturers was associated with all the organizational factors (decision latitude, psychological job demand, social support and job insecurity) in this study. Therefore, preventive measures or intervention programs need to be implemented in Community Colleges to alleviate the negative consequences.

Background: The effect of poor psychosocial work conditions on health status has widely been discussed in occupational literature. Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) is a widely accepted instrument for evaluation of psychosocial work conditions.Objective: To determine the reliability and validity of Persian version of JCQ.Methods: The questionnaire was translated into Persian and back translated.490 Iranian health care workers completed the questionnaire. After 4 weeks, 196 participants completed the questionnaire once again.Results: Factor analyses revealed an acceptable level of structure validity for the questionnaire. Cronbach’s α was more than 0.75 for all scales except for psychological demand (a=0.60) and job insecurity (a=0.27). reassessment of participants after 4 weeks revealed an acceptable level of reliability for all scales except depression.Conclusion: The Persian version of JCQ is reliable and valid for assessing work conditions among Iranian health care workers, although revision is needed for job insecurity and depression scales.