The appearance and development of injustice among districts is the function of internal and external factors of geographical and spatial structure that engage cities in social, economic and management challenges. Khoramabad city is the center of Lurestan Province which had the last year's most increment migration rate and has had a large amount of conflict. The main goal in this research is conducting a reconnaissance analysis of the district’s unsuitable situation and services for urban planning phase authorities to make proper decisions. In this research by using cluster models and methods and also by using economic, social and environmental frameworks factors were found for providing fundamental services. Khorramabad’s districts were fully evaluated. The results show that 17 districts of khoramabad are in 4 homogeneous categories, and in comparison to the others 8 districts, they are in unsuitable situation. The sever difference between districts show inconsistency of geographical and spatial injustice in khoramabad city.

Introduction: Blood transfusion saves millions of lives every year although it can cause some severe diseases of which hepatitis B is a major one. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of HBsAg among voluntary blood donors in Khorramabad from 2008 to 2009.Methods: The study population consisted of 26167 blood donors referring to the Blood Transfusion Organization of Khorramabad, Iran, from 2008 to 2009. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)was performed for the primary diagnosis of HBsAg and the positive cases were confirmed by Neutralization and Western Blot. The studied variables included gender, age, marital status, education, occupation, and place of living. The chi-square test was used to check the significance of relationship using the SPSS software.Results: 80 individuals were HBsAg positive and the prevalence of HBsAg was 0.3%. The seroprevalence was higher in the age group of 50-59, males, the donors residing in rural areas, workers, and those with educational levels higher than associate degrees.However, no significant relationship was found between the two groups regarding marital status.Conclusion: Considering the results, the prevalence of HBsAg in Khorramabad was lower compared with the results of the last decade. Moreover, the prevalence was lower in comparison with that in the general population and the studied donors in other provinces. Screening programs, education, and vaccination, particularly in high-risk groups, are essential to prevent new cases.

Water problems and issues due to droughts and over-exploitation brought up the importance of developing Research and Executive Fields on water resources protection and farmers’ water protective behaviors. Present study aimed to analyze farmers’ water protective behaviors in Khorram-Abad County using survey technique and questionnaire for gathering data form 310 samples. These samples were collected from the statistical population of the active farmers in Khorram-Abad County during 2016-2017 i. e. 22812 persons. The questionnaire validity has confirmed by 4 members of the Agricultural Extension and Education faculty at Shiraz University. The reliability of the questionnaire has assessed by a pilot study with 30 samples outside the statistical population. Results showed that the mean of protective behavior variable is 1. 02 (in range 0-4) which implied low water protective behavior among farmers. Also, the results based on path analysis showed that variables such as behavioral tendency, awareness of protective behaviors’ desirable effects, following rural models and leaders, access to water information resources, and technical knowledge of water protection have direct effect on water protective behavior while variables such as moral values, moral reasoning, awareness of water laws and agricultural income have indirect effect on such behaviors. Totally, these variables could predict 57 percent of the changes in farmers' water protective behaviors. Therefore, solutions such as increasing farmers’ awareness to protective behaviors’ desirable effects, technical knowledge of water protection, activating the potential of rural models and leaders for extension of water protective behaviors, improving moral judgment and diffusion of moral values related to water consumption can lead to extend protective behavior among farmers.

Background and aims: Due to the need to recognize musculoskeletal disorders in workers to improve their health as a large part of the working capital of our country and shortages in studies which provide solutions to improve these problems, the present study was aimed to assess the effect of corrective exercises on musculoskeletal disorders in workers in Khoram Abad city for providing solutions to improve these disorders in 2012.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population was male workers in industrial centers 1 and 2 in Khoram Abad.320 workers were studied in the initial evaluation. According to the inclusion criteria, 196 workers were eligible to enter the study and responded to questionnaire questions. The data collection scale was a standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders questionnaire. Corrective plan of disorders was performed by a physical training expert according to detected abnormalities (113 cases). Corrective exercises in the stretching and strengthening manners performed at 24 sessions in 8 weeks.Results: 113 workers had a pain history in their extremities and musculoskeletal members and they had no previous disease history.58% of workers were with musculoskeletal disorders at least in one of the nine areas of their body which the most prevalence was in areas: lumbar (31.6), neck (19.8) shoulder (29.5), and knee (17.8). A significant reduction was seen in all nine regions after intervention (P<0.05).Conclusion: Corrective exercises reduce pain and musculoskeletal problems in workers.

Rodents are the biggest order among mammals and are one of the successful groups among animals. They are able to transmit more than 35 diseases to human and cause huge damages on economical situation of many countries.Therefore exact identification and application of appropriate control measures of rodents in each locality are essential. This study was conducted to identify species composition of rodents in Lorestan district from June 2002 till April 2003.Sample collections were carried out at 24 fixed and a new random localities each month and each time 3 different Sherman traps (30-50) were used. Specimens were killed by chloroform, weighed and morphological characters measured and then they were subjected to autopsy taxidermy and identification methods.Total number of rodents was 168, which belonged to 2 suborder, 3 family, 3 sub families, 9 genus and 9 species. Meriones persicus with 38.09% was the most prevalent and Sciurus anomalous with 1.19% was the rarest species among specimens. Results showed that number species or biodiversity was at highest level 7 species at 1800-2000m latitude in Zagheh region, where at least diversity 2 species was seen at 800-1200m latitude in Waysian and Chegini regions.These differences weren't significant when analyzed by Cochran (P=0.088, a=0.05) and Freedman tests, but when analyzed by Pearson regression rate (P=0.89, a=0.05). There was a positive and significant relation between latitude and biodiversity. These results should be that confirmed by further studies in other regions with different climates.

1- Introduction: The increasing growth of urban and rural development has caused some natural anomalies in the Earth's inhabitants. Mass movements, especially landslides, are one of the most damages of them that have had the increasing momentum together human manipulation in natural systems in recent decades. So that it is one of the principal geomorphic processes in the mountainous areas…

The Scythian exploits in Western Asia, as described in ancient written sources, have been referred to by many authors, who dealt with them mainly in the margin of their larger works. It should be emphasized that the Scythians did not form a single people. Under this name a variety of nomad tribes of the Eurasiatic steppes are included who were linked by a similar way of life, a more or less common culture and sometimes also a common origin. Invention of the Scythian nomad tribes altered many political statements of Mesopotamia, east Anadolu and northwestern of Iran in one millennium BC. As long as the Hrodotus reports appeared as to the Scythian invention and domination on western Asia, the studies regarding Scythians gained a new form in all parts at the western Asia. Despite, Herodotus has closely explained all features of this invation and even he has delineated their accession ways from the south Sebria to the north Caucasia and western Asia, nevertheless always due to abcense of Archaeological data have been seen to these reports with incertitude regard. According to Herodotus, Scythian domination ended with their defeat by the Medes, who thrust them out of Asia back into Europe; this struggle may have taken place shortly before the war of the Medes against the Lydians [IV. 78] which began cir. 590 B. C and ended at the solar eclipse of 585 B. C. If we trust Herodotus, (and new discoveries and investigations have always confirmed his reliability, as pointed out by several scholars), by the middle of the VIIth c. B. C. the Scythians had become a great power in Western Asia and ruled it for 28 years. Northwestern of Iran had a special role in this conflicts and must be remained data for these tribes in the zone, but Archaeological studies has not showed such presence in this area. A great hoard of gold and silver objects was found there in 1946. This treasure included purely "Scythian" art, purely Assyrian jewelry, objects like the pectoral combining Assyrian and "Scythian" elements, and objects of local style. Besides the golden pectoral, it embraced covering plaques with a decoration in the form of ibexes and galloping stags, golden fibulae, a silver dish, etc. A few two and three-edged bronze arrow-heads and tonged bone arrow-points also formed part of this hoard. Archaeological remains usually looked upon as connected with the Scythian exploits have been found in several parts of Western Asia. First of all are the small, socketed, bronze (seldom iron) arrow-heads of two varieties: the three-edged and the solid pyramidal, triangular in cross-section; many of these two varieties are provided with a barb. Arrow-heads of these types have been found in thousands within the limits of ancient Scythia in Europe and in Asia, and also in Central Europe. They were also found within the ancient Mediterranean Greek world where they are frequently called the "Graeco-Scythian" type. There is discussion as to Ziwiye treasure As yet and its problems have not solved and it seems that it be indissoluble with the inoperative data as to its objects. Recently, an excavatin was done in the Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshgin Shahr and for first time were found interesting and convincer objects for Scythians that they demonstrate theire presence in the northwestern of Iran. In this paper it mentioned to the excavation and its main data and with regard to other objects from western Asia, northwestern of Iran and Caucasia area as to the Scythians, we assembled study outlines of these objects. The study is marker irrefragable semblance between the objects of this site with the data of other Scythian sites over world specialy in the north of Caucasia.

Civic participation is affected by different factors and variables. The aim of present study is to study the factors that influence residents’ civic participation. The data for this research was gathered by using survey method and a self-report questionnaire that involved 182 residents of Khoram Aabad city that were selected through a multi stage cluster sampling method. The results showed that there exists a direct and statistically significant relationship between social trust, perceived usefulness of civic participation, socialization for civic participation, and the social and economic status of residents with residents’ participation. Multiple regression analysis suggested that social trust, perceived usefulness of civic participation, and socialization for civic participation have direct and positive effects and that the social and economic status of residents has an indirect effect on residents’ civic participation.

Morphology characteristic of rivers are always changing because of the dynamic nature of the rivers. These changes can effect and destroy agricultural areas and other land uses near the riverbanks. In this research, morphology of parts of Khoramabad River in Lorestan province from Ghaghakhor to Gholaman-e-Sofla (19.5 Km length) was studied. Using the aerial photos of the year 1955, TM Landsat images of the year 1988 and Aster images of the year 2005, three periods of river course were digitized in ArcGIS software. Then with the use of AutoCAD software, some geometrical parameters such as wavelength, valley length, sinuosity coefficient, central degree and radius of circle contact with arc were extracted for some analysis. Also for statistical analysis of the geometrical parameters of the river, we used SPSS software. The result of parameters study, mentioned above, and comparison of parameters in these ranges of time (1955-2005) showed that 17 meanders have been omitted from 1955 to 1988 and two meanders have been added from 1988 to 2005. Geometric parameters of three periods showed the changes on the river shape and pattern. The main reasons of these changes are land use on the riverbank and human impact on the riverbed and riverbank. The main reason of changes in the initial and middle of the study area are extension of Khoram Abad city and construction of buildings at the riverbank. The main reasons of changes at the end of the river, in river morphology are changes in land use and new tectonic movements. Also in all course of the river, human intervention is obvious in the changes of the river morphology.