This study applies the translation invariant attribute (TIA) using the Hadamard transform of the seismic data to discriminate lithofacies. The Hadamard transform (also known as the Walsh–Hadamard transform, Hadamard–Rademacher–Walsh transform, Walsh transform, or Walsh–Fourier transform) is an example of a generalized class of Fourier transforms. It performs an orthogonal, symmetric operation on 2nreal numbers (or complex numbers, although the Hadamard matrices themselves are purely real). The Hadamard transform can be regarded as being built out of size-2 Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFTs), and is in fact equivalent to a multidimensional DFT of a size. It decomposes an arbitrary input vector into a superposition of 2*2*2...*2 Walsh functions.In mathematical analysis, the set of Walsh functions form an orthogonal basis of the square functions on the unit interval. The functions take the values -1 and+1 only, on sub-intervals defined by dyadic fractions. The orthogonal Walsh functions are used to perform the Hadamard transform, which is very similar to the way the orthogonal sinusoids are used to perform the Fourier transform. The Walsh functions are related to the Rademacher functions; They both form a complete orthogonal system.The Hadamard transform is particularly good at finding repeating, stacked vertical sequences. The dyadic shifts represent the invariant properties of the Hadamard transforms. The output of a translation invariant transform is insensitive to the dyadic shifts so that in geologic applications, the objective of using these transforms is to find a geologic pattern which have been analyzed anywhere in the time series, irrespective of their vertical position.If z is the output of a dyadic shift invariant transform, such as the Hadamard transform, of a sequence x, then the dyadic shift invariant power spectrum ( Sz2), is termed as the translation invariant attribute. The translation invariant attribute computation requires 2n input samples. If an input sequence does not have 2n samples, then either zero padding or quite a large time window can be used to make 2n samples.This attribute is applied in 3D seismic data of Sarvak Formation of one of the oil fields in the south-west of Iran. The Sarvak Formation for this oilfield is a carbonate unit gradually overlying the Kazhdumi Formation. The thickness of Sarvak Formation increases towards the west and varies between 582 m and about 700 m. The reservoir facies for this field are classified based on their porosities. Four porosity facies were selected by using porosity logs of four vertical wells drilled in this oil field. All the seismic data are converted to those categories by Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The neural network used here was a Two-layer Feed-forward network with Error Back Propagation (EBP) for learning algorithms. The transfer function of the hidden neurons was hyperbolic tangent and the transfer function of the output neurons was linear. Three different time slices of Hadamard transform, translation invariant attribute were presented. The correlation between the real porosity and the predicted porosity using ANN was estimated to be about 81%. Finally, all the seismic data were converted to porosity facies by using ANN and three time slices of the porosity facies were calculated and shown.

Strong motion records from the 2002 Barn Earthquake are used to investigate the shape of attenuation function in several Frequencies ranging between 0.8 to 18 Hz Amplitude spectra of the records are inverted to find source scaling factor and Attenuation parameters using Singular Value Decomposition method (SVD). After correcting the obtained attenuation Functions for geometrical spreading effect, the values of Qb follow the frequency dependent relation, Qb=95¦10 which Is in good agreement with similar results in other tectonically active regions in the world and could be served as a basic input Parameter for r future seismic hazard studies in the region of barn.

Identifying and interpreting subsurface heterogeneities, especially Litofacies, plays definitely an important role in assessing and managing hydrocarbon resources. Variety of methods have been developed in order to model discrete features of hydrocarbon reservoirs, as Litofacies, which the majority of them have focused on intra-well modeling, and are not applicable for 2D or 3D modeling between oil wells. Furthermore, developing a novel methodology to bring a more factual reservoir facies has always been a matter of attraction, and is effective in lowering risk of decision making in different exploratory stages. These days, Markov Chains is used as a powerful tool for facies modeling. This method is based on conditional probabilistic and providing transitional matrix of states. This study is carried out on an oil field, South-West Iran; where the Asmari Formation is its main reservoir. Here, interval of the Asmari Formation and its cap rock in a 12 kilometers long section, 110 meters width, is classified into three main parts, by the means of Markov Chains modeling. The best result of modeling was obtained with nine wells and four seismic horizons that brought 87% accuracy in average.

The Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation is one of the most important reservoir units of the Parsi Oil Field that is located in North Dezful Embayment in SW of Iran.This formation is laid over the shales of Pabdeh Formation concordantly and is overlaid concordantly by evaporates of Gachsaran Formation. Asmari Formation (with 419m thickness) is composed of anhydrite, carbonate rocks (limestone & dolomite) associated with thin shale interlayers.In this study lithofacies, microfacies, and their associated facies of studied formation have been investigated based on core samples and thin sections. Study of asmari formation led to recognition of 8 lithofacies and 18 microfacies that are related to open marine, barrier, shallow subtidal facies, reef, lagoon, supratidal and intertidal environments. The Correlation of mentioned micofacies with standard model of carbonate from ramp environment (Buxton & Pedley, 1989), show that Asmari Formation was deposited in a carbonate ramp which some local reef or patch reef.

In this paper the Fajan Formation of Paleocene age with a thickness of 172. 5 meters is studied in northwest Shahroud (Eastern Alborz). Main lithology of this formation, at the studied section, consists of conglomerate and sandstone. The formation disconforably overlain upper Cretaceous limestones and its upper boundry with Ziarat limestone of Eocene age is of transitional type. Dominant lithology of mentioned formation, at the studied section, consists of polymodal and polymictic orthoconglomerate which contains rounded to subrounded grains. These clastic grains are generally oval to spherical in shape and originated from limestone, sandstone and chert materials. Paleocene Conglomerate is characterized by two distinc lithofacies: clast-supported massive gravel (Gcm) and clast-supported horizontally stratified gravel (Gh) which are formed in a braided river system. This subject is interpreted by evidances as condensed texture gravels, imbrication fabric that indicate on one hand paleocurrent, non-existence of fossil by reason of oxidation conditions of sedimentary environment, sandstone lenses that have through cross bedding (St) and existence of gravels that are mostly rounded to subrounded and denote distance from origin. Abundant bed load mostly rang in size from pebble to cobble and partially boulder, gravelly beds with long extended lateral spread and lack of flood plain muddy sediments, are reasons in distinguish between recognized sedimentary environment and meandering river. The studied Sandstone layers are described by ripple marked sand (Sr) and planar-cross-bedded sand (Sp) which contain sublitharenite and quartzarenite type are deposited in tide-dominated deltaic system. Interpretation criteria are propounded by means of interference ripple mark that prove direction change of current bearing clastic particles, rounded to subrounded sands that can present repeated reworking of grains after deposition in sedimentary environment, well sorting, high textural maturity, insignificant matrix as criterion in distinction specified delta from other deltaic environments and herringbone cross bedding which is the most important evidence of tidal currents.

1-IntroductionRivers, as the most important factor in changing earth landscape, have been more effective than any other factor in shaping the human living environment. The understanding of the river processes and the factors controlling the behavior of rivers is important from different perspectives, including sedimentology. Examining textural characteristics, facies analysis and statistical indicators of river sediments, in addition to civil applications, can be a useful tool in the interpretation of ancient river sedimentary environments. In addition, the study of the behavior and nature of rivers and, accordingly, the study of watersheds from several aspects such as flood control, erosion and sedimentation have been of interest. The Afin River catchment is located in Southern Khorasan province and in the southeastern of Qayen. This river is the main source of agricultural water supply for villages located in this basin and has the greatest impact in terms of sediment production in the catchment area of Haji Abad Dam. The main purpose of this research is 1) to investigate sedimentological characteristics (textural parameters) and determine the effective factors in creating sedimentary discontinuities, and 2) to identify lithofacies and present a sedimentary model of the Afin River.2-Materials and MethodsDuring the field study, 55 samples were taken from the channel bottom sediments by digging holes with a depth of 20 cm and with regular sampling intervals from the upstream to the downstream of the stream for grain measurement testing and the geographical location and height of each the sample was recorded by GPS. The active parts of the river channel have been selected for sampling. After sediment drying in the laboratory, the collected samples were analyzed using the dry sieve method with an accuracy of 0.02 grams. The results of the granulometry were drawn by Excel software in the form of histogram and cumulative curves, and the naming of the sediments was done according to Folk''s (1974) classification. Statistical parameters such as mean, median, skewness, and kurtosis were calculated for each of the samples using Folk''s comprehensive drawing method. In the field studies, the textural characteristics and sedimentary structures of the river channel wall sediments from upstream to downstream have been investigated and sedimentary facies have been separated based on Mial''s (2006) classification. In this study, the EPM model was used to calculate the annual erosion rate in the Afin River catchment.3-Results and DiscussionSedimentological studies of the Afin River show that several factors such as the entry of a large volume of coarse-grained sediments by sub-branches (inflow of lateral sediments), active tectonics, lithological changes and bedrock outcrops that cause to change textural parameters such as mean, median, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis and have created an irregular grain finning trend from upstream to downstream. In the sediments of the Afin river channel wall, there are three clastic facies association (including the five gravelly facies Gcm, Gmm, Gt, Gh, Gp, the five sandy facies Sh, Sm, Sl, Sp, Sr and one mud facies Fm) and non-clastic pedogenic carbonates (P) have been identified, that based on them and other sedimentological features, five architectural elements such as SG, SB, CH, FF, GB have been separated. Two sedimentary facies models have been proposed for Afin River in the southeastern of Qayen. In the upstream part, this river is a gravel bed braided river with sediment gravity flow deposits, and in the middle and downstream part of the river, it is like a shallow gravel bed braided river. 4-ConclusionThe Afin River catchment with an area of 1181 square kilometers is located in the southeastern of Qayen city (Southern Khorasan province). In order to study of the finning trend of Afin river particles, 55 sediment samples from the main channel have been examined. The results of the granulometry analysis show that the finning trend of particles towards the downstream of the stream does not have a uniform trend and includes 6 sedimentary continuities and 5 sedimentary discontinuities. The arrival of coarse-grained sediments from tributary rivers, lithological changes, tectonic activities, and the appearance of bedrock are the most important factors in creating of these sedimentary discontinuities. Identification of the sedimentary lithofacies in the channel wall of the studied river was done based on textural features and sedimentary structures, which clastic facies associations (gravel, sand and clay) and non-clastic (pedogenic carbonates) are separated from each other. According to the sedimentary facies and architectural elements (CH, GB, SG, SB and FF) that are identified in the channel wall of the Afin River, two types of river channel styles proposed for the upstream to downstream sections of this river and the corresponding sedimentary facies model is provided. Keywords: Sedimentary link, Southern Khorasan, Lithofacies, River channel style.

The Middle Jurassic scilisiclastic doposit has a good exposure in the East of the Binaload Zone and composed of conglomerate, sandstone and high amounts of fine grained sediments. The lower and upper boundaries of section are sharp respectively with Mashhad phylite and limestone. In this study lithofacies analysis in order to interpretation depositional environment and the origin of tectonic setting of Jurassic silisiclastic deposits in Binaload Zone were investigated in Baze hoz section, soth of Mashhad. Relying on the facies characteristics and stratal geometries the silisiclastic succession are divided into 10 lithofacies in the 160 meter thick. lithofacies are classified into 4 categories including coarse grain (Gcm, Gmm, Gh, Gp), medium grain (Sh, Sr, Sm), fine grain (Fl, Fm) and biochemical (C). Based on the following evidence, the Jurassic silisiclasic sediments have been deposited in Delta river system: Sedimentary facies: coarsening upward deposit, coal deposite, Leave fossils, syneresis crack and unidirectional sedimentary structures such as ripplemark, cross bedding, lack of Bi-directional structure. Petrographic studies led to the identification 6 petrofacies conglomerate and sandstone. Plotted data on Qt, F, L diagram, indicate recycled orogene for this deposits. Also plot data on Basu and Q, F, L diagrams, respectively shows low to medium grade metamorphic and hiumid climatic condition for sandstones of Jurassic sediments for these deposits at the time of formation. According to Turan and Iran clash pages and closing the Paleo-Tethys Sea in NE Iran Jurassic sediments in the study area composed of erosion of upland areas. These results indicate a wet weather conditions.

The silisiclastic sediments of Neyzar Formation (lower Maestrichtian) are exposed in the eastern of Kopet-Dagh basin NE Iran. It is mainly composed of sandstone, siltstone and shale with a minor amount of sandy fossiliferous limestone. Sandstone is the most important lithofacies in this formation and is mainly composed of quartz and minor amounts of feldspar opaque and clay minerals, glaucony and biogenic debris. Based on characteristics of texture and sedimentary structures they may have been deposited in lagoon and shallow marine environmental conditions (foreshore-offshore). The most important diagenetic processes are cementation and replacement that have been well observed in petrography study. The texture and morphological characteristics of glaucony grains (absence of half-moon and sickle-shaped forms) indicate that they are not reworked and have formed as authigneic mineral. Potassium feldspars and opaque ferron oxid minerals may have been the source of Fe and K for glauconitization. This process has taken place in the suboxic to slightly anoxic environmental conditions.

The Pesteliegh Formation (Lower Paleocene) in the Chehelkaman and Tang-e Neyzar area, located in the eastern Kopet Dagh Basin, has been studied to investigate its lithological facies, sedimentary environment, and sequence stratigraphy. In this part of the Kopet Dagh Basin, the Pesteliegh Formation mainly composed of conglomerates, sandstone, mudstone and shales. Petrographic studies and sedimentary structures of the Pesteliegh Formation led to the identification of three lithofacies associations: conglomeratic (Gcm), sandy (Sl, Sr, Sh, St, Sp, Sm), mudstone (Fl, Fm), evaporitic facies, as well as five architectural elements (CH, LA, FF, CR, and CS). Petrological studies, sedimentary facies, architectural elements, and paleocurrent direction indicate deposition of these sediments in a meandering river system with a muddy and sandy bed, as well as floodplain and salina environments. Paleocurrent analysis also indicates a southeast to northwest flow direction which is consistent with sedimentological studies conducted on the studied sections. Sequence stratigraphy analysis of the Pesteliegh Formation indicates their deposition during a relative sea-level fall in the Lower Paleocene, comprising a depositional sequence and part of the subsequent sequence. Since the Pesteliegh Formation in the studied sections is located near the coastline, their sequence stratigraphy model follows the standard model and includes HST, LST, and TST facies associations.