By taking Local indention effect and foam core strength into account in the overall deflection process, a novel theoretical model is investigated to predict the large deflection with Local indentation of sandwich beam under quasi-static lateral loading. The theoretical and numerical models of lateral crushing force and total plastic energy are proposed and the theoretical results agree well with numerical and experimental results of previous researches. The results conclude that Local indention phase plays an important role in initial collapse deflection of sandwich beam when maximum deflection is greater than face sheets thickness. In addition, the theoretical results with and without Local indention phase of total plastic energy are compared and it shows that total plastic energy of sandwich beam will be overestimated if Local indention phase is neglected. The present analytical model can predict the large deflection behavior with Local indention of sandwich beam reasonably.

In this paper, we analyze the effect of stress-fiber inclusion on the stiffness of an actin random network. We use a discrete random network model to analyze the elastic response of this system in terms of apparent Young’ s modulus. First, we showed that for a flat-ended cylindrical indenter the total indentation force has a linear relation with the indentation depth and the indenter radius. Using this relation, we concluded that the stiffening effect of the stress-fiber on the fibrous network has a range of effectivity and surprisingly, the stiffening is not maximum when the stress-fiber is straight below the indenter but when it is a certain distance from it. These results shed light on some aspects of the widely used AFM stiffness measurements of cells.

indentation forming is an internal tube forming process in which a mandrel with a diameter slightly larger than that of the tube is pressed inside the tube and in so doing, creates the internal profile. Forming forces have a significant effect on the spring back, residual stress, quality of the inner surface, quality of tube dimensions, and tool wear. In this study, the forming process of CK45 steel tube by carbide tungsten tool in the presence of ultrasonic vibration has been simulated and the effect of ultrasonic on the forming mechanism has been investigated by introducing two regimes according to the forming conditions. The effects of tool feed-speed and amplitude of vibration on forming force reduction have been investigated. According to the simulation results, the main reason for the force reduction in the presence of longitudinal tube ultrasonic vibration is the intermittent phenomenon which is the continuous or impulsive regime. The critical amplitude which determines the borderline of continuous and impulsive regimes is obtained 38μ m by the simulation of the process. The maximum force reduction obtained in continuous regime is 64. 2% at the critical amplitude. The simulation results are consistent well with the previous experimental data.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of Local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of Local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne city in Kermanshah province. The issue of language is beyond the dialect of people and is refer to the form of life and the matter of macroeconomic and political relations. From this perspective, the form of life and the language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the society. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of agents to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research and data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of language, economic necessity and the government as the most important factors of Local language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of languages.