Background: Family boundaries play a role in the formation of schemas, this can have significant psychological consequences for family members. Despite the theoretical links between enmeshed family boundaries and early maladaptive schemas, there is a noticeable research gap on this relationship. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing enmeshed family boundaries in students with and without early maladaptive schemas. Methods: The method of this descriptive research was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the research included all students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran in the academic year of 2023-2024. Among the people of the statistical population, 204 people (152 women, 52 men) were selected by convenience sampling method. The data collection tools in this research included the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young, 1998) and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (Olson et al., 1985). Independent t-test, Benferoni test and SPSS-26 software were used to analyze and compare the data. Results: The scores of enmeshed boundaries in people with an Enmeshment/Undeveloped Self schema were significantly higher than those without an Enmeshment/Undeveloped Self schema (P< 0.05). Enmeshed family boundaries in individuals with and without Disconnection and Rejection Domain impaired schemas, Impaired Autonomy and Performance Domain impaired schemas, Entitlement/Grandiosity schema,Insufficient Self-Control/Self-discipline schema, Other Directedness Domain schemas, Over vigilance /Inhibition Domain impaired schemas, were not significantly different. (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Intertwined borders can lead to the formation of the intertwined schema itself. However, the development of other maladaptive schemas is not directly related to family entanglement. These schemas may develop through various pathways, such as traumatic experiences, peer relationships, or social influences.

The postmodern novels "Divorced Diaries" by Haifa Bitar and "Vanhadeh" by Simon de Beauvoir are the first-person narrators of the daily lives of two divorced women as the protagonists of the mentioned novels. The importance of this research is because the neurotic character of both novels makes it possible to look at the hero of the two novels with a psychotic perspective and to investigate Jeffrey Young's initial inconsistent schemas in their characters with a comparative method. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method. This research aims to have a concrete view of the society of Syria and France and reveal the effective factors in the formation of these schemas in the hero of two novels and scrutinize them with the example of the witness. The research results indicate that the heroines of these two novels are both abandoned by their husbands and suffer from the same primary incompatible schemas. Both protagonists of the novel suffer from various primary maladaptive schemas of dependence/incompetence, defect/shame, and abandonment/instability (abandonment), which, in the order of their origin, depend on/incompetence in them. Relying on the father in doing all the daily tasks, even doing the homework, especially at the teenage age, which is the stage of reaching independence and self-sufficiency. In addition, there is a schema of defect/shame arising from their being rejected by their spouses and their divorce by them, as well as a schema of rejection/instability caused by their shaky relationships.

The present study has been done to predict Young early maladaptive schemas through parenting styles (root development). To this end, 357 undergraduate students were selected by random cluster sampling and two Young short forms inventory of Parenting Styles (YPI) and short form inventory of Schema (SQSF) were filled by subjects. Analysis of results, using regression analysis showed that parenting styles (roots development) are significant predictors for early maladaptive schemas (P<.001).

Objectives: Early maladaptive schemas are valid representations of unpleasant childhood experiences that shape a person’s viewpoints of the world, and lead to clinical symptoms such as depression, personality disorders, and substance abuse. Given the importance of this matter, we conducted a research on early maladaptive schemas in substance-abusers, to allow more appropriate preventive measures to be taken with a better understanding of the issue.Methods: For this descriptive-comparative study, 115 patients (91 opiate users and 24 stimulant users) visiting drug addiction treatment centers were selected through convenience sampling from persons who were admitted to substance abuse treatment centers (Methadone Maintenance therapy centers), addiction treatment camps and self-help groups and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) of Yasuj. Data were collected using a Demographic Information Questionnaire and Young’s Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQSF). Data analysis was done with ANOVA and t-tests.Results: The results showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between users of opiates and stimulants in terms of vulnerability to harm or illness, enmeshment, subjugation, emotional inhibition, entitlement, insufficient self-control/self-discipline, emotional deprivation, social isolation, defectiveness, failure/shame, and dependence. The average score of the stimulant-users was higher than that of opiateusers in all the schemas except for the dimensions of abandonment, mistrust, and unrelenting standards.Discussion: Stimulant users have more early maladaptive schemas and are at a greater risk of psychological vulnerability. Early maladaptive schemas can be used by clinicians and researchers as a psychopathology and treatment method for substance dependence disorder.

Objectives: The present study was carried out to assess early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and schema domains in a sample of sexual offenders. Method: The subjects were divided into two groups of 34 (one group of sexual offenders and one group of normal individuals). The sample of sexual offenders was randomly selected from among Mashad prison inmates convicted of rape. Normal subjects who were selected according to GSI score in SCL-90-R were matched by age, marital status, occupation and education with the first group. The data were collected by Young Schema Questionnaire- Short Form (YSQ-SF) and were analyzed via t-test. Also, SCL-90-R was used for screening the normal group. Results: The mean score of early maladaptive schemas as well as the schema domains of sexual offenders were significantly higher than those of normal individuals (p<0.05). This discrepancy was mostly evident in vulnerability to harm or illness, subjugation, defectiveness/ shame; dependenc/ incompetence, entitlement/ grandiosity early maladaptive schemas and disconnection and rejection, Impaired autonomy and performance schema domain. There was no significant difference in self-sacrifice maladaptive schema (p<0.05). Conclusion: High scores in early maladaptive schema especially in disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/ performance schema domain could lead to the tendency to commit sexual offenses and rape.