Background: Approximately 10 to 15% of couple are unable to achieve conception within I year of marriage. Approximately 50% of infertile couples involve male infertility either alone or in companion with a female factor. Roughly 10% of infertile males are azospennic. PESA is a simple retrieval method. It has little pain, doesn't need any general anesthesia and most of the individuals prefer it relative to other sperm retrieval methods. We decided to perform a vast research regarding repeated PESA and their effects on subsequential sperm aspiration and quality of retrieval in Rooyan research center between 1999-2001. Materials and methods: Azoospermic individuals have been followed in a clinical trial by performing repeated PESA (as needed) and evaluating semen parameters (sperm count, motility, and morphology). Finally, statistical analysis was performed. Results: 405 azospermic patients with mean age of 34.6±6.8 years and mean infertility period of 8.8±5.8 years have been studied. They have undergone 517 PESA procedures, of which, 326(63.1%) were therapeutic and the remaining 191(36.9%) were diagnostic. Of326 therapeutic PESA procedures, 244 were repeated procedures. Among them, 180 patients have experienced it for 2 times, 52 for 3 times and 12 for 4 times. There were no significant difference in sperm parameter except sperm motility which has been decreased slightly among simple retrieved in first, second and third PESA procedures (first & second p<0.005, first & third p<0.002). Conclusion: PESA is an easy and safe sperm retrieval method. It doesn't affect retrieved sperm (except motility, which decreases slightly). Thus, we suggest repeated PESA procedures to retrieve adequate sperm available for microinjection therapies in azospermic patients.

The technology of transgenic animals' production is one of the areas of research in the biotechnology branch, which has a very fast growth rate in the last decade. To current knowledge, several methods have been developed for the production of transgenic animals such as microinjection of the desired genetic structure into the male pre-core in Zygote, gene transfer using embryonic stem cells transmission to the embryos during the blastocyst stage, gene transfer by sperm and using the new and workable CRISPER/Cas9 method. The key to success in the production of transgenic animals is the optimization of gene transfer method and the exact expression of the transmitted gene. A number of new technologies have been presented in the field of gene transfer in recent decades, which have reduced both research and production costs and improved the speed and delicacy of transmission processes. In the present review the most common methods in the production of transgenes would be discussed.

Background: Last decades, we have observed major improvements in treating infertility by using microinjection. However, reduction in abortion or increase in fertility has not been significant. It seems use of corticosteroids improves clinical outcomes during assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques. Therefore, this study tried to show how corticosteroids therapy improves the results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).Methods: This semi clinical trial study without control group was included infertile women with more than one year’s infertility and were candidate to ICSI which were referred to Kosar Infertility Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences from April 2011 to September 2013. Patients received prednisolone which was started 20 mg/day from one day before embryo transfer to 7 days, then for 2 days more 1 tablet and stopped. Pregnancy outcomes were chemical and clinical pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, multiple pregnancy and rate of abortion before 20 weeks. Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (bHCG) test was performed. Patients with positive pregnancy test were followed by sonography in 6, 12 weeks and 20 weeks of pregnancy.Results: One hundred and eighty one patients entered to the study. The mean ± SD of age and fertility duration were 30.42±6.07 and 7.69±5.54 years. The mean±SD of transferred embryo was 4.60±1.10 and embryo grading was 138 (44.7%) grade A, 124 (40.1%) grade B, 47 (15.2%) grade C, respectively. There were no significant difference between fresh/frozen embryo transfer in pregnancy outcomes (P>0.05 in all of outcomes comparison). The incidence rate of biochemical pregnancy was 48.1% (87), clinical pregnancy rate with appearance of fetal heart was 44.2% (80), incidence rate of abortion before appearance of fetal heart (6 weeks) in women with intra-uterine pregnancy was 5.9% (5), incidence rate of abortion before 20 weeks was 12.9% (11). Incidence rate of ectopic pregnancy was 2.3% (2) and rate of multiple pregnancies was 32.5% (26).Conclusion: Our study suggests that the infertile patients who receive prednisolone in ICSI cycle, had improved pregnancy outcomes. Additional confirmatory studies are needed.

To determine the results of microinjection in patients referring Sarem to medical center from 1998 to 1999 the existing data of 197 cases were reviewed.Success rate was 18.3% with maintance and continue of pregnancy in 75% of them. Age, therapeutic method, cause of infertility, serum estradiol level and number of embryos had no significance in success rate but follicles larger than 16 mm in left ovary wrer present in grater amount in those who maintained pregnancy (74%) in comparison to others (66%) (P<0.05).We recommend an analytical research to define relationship between the number of follicles in right and left ovaries and pregnancy rate with microinjection.

Introduction: There is little investigation performed regarding the use of metabotropic glutamate receptors in birds. In this study, we had investigated the use of metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist and antagonist to determine the appetite of broiler cockerels.Material and methods: 12 broiler cockerels of were reared until 700-750 grams were bred up. Each was steriotaxically implanted into the right lateral ventricle. Then, the birds were injected with DHPG (1mM) and AIDA (2mM) and cumulative food intake was monitored at different times post injection with computerized program. The birds were given the mentioned food in a replicated Latin square design on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days in 4 groups.Results: In comparison with the control group, the intracerebroventricular administration of DHPG increased significantly (average 28.7 percent), food intake and AIDA had decreased (average 30 percent) significantly (P<0.05).Conclusion: According to these results it can be concluded that metabotropic glutamate receptors can, significantly, affect on the appetite of broiler cockerels to intake food.