Introduction: Temperature and its changes are considered as an important factor in the physical weathering of rocks. The maximum influence of temperature is frost action and thermal expansion. The effect of temperature on the degradation of rocks, moreover temperature range, depends on the strength of rocks. During freezing, water in cracks and fissures of rocks is increased 8 to 11 percent in volume and this has a force of about 2000 pounds per square inch. The continued practice of freeze and thaw can cause small fissures, cracks and separation. The result of this process is formation of the Talus and debris cones (Blyth and Freitas 2005). Evidence of glacial geomorphology is one of the most visible legacies of the Quaternary period Climate change (Mahmoudi 1988). One of the most important legacies of Pleistocene climate in the highlands of the Iran, especially in the Alborz Mountains, West and North West of Iran is the dominance of the glaciers and related landforms (Yamani 2002).

1- Introduction: Alluvial fans are common feature in the hillside of mountain, where that sudden change in slope river bed lead to reduce the flow rate and sediments are left according to size. The most appropriate place for the creation of alluvial fans is located output of the mountains and arrival of water network into plain, vast plains and even in the centers of plains in adjacent terminal basins. In this research was tried to investigate the effective factors on creation of Garmsar alluvial fan.

In central Iran, and at its heights, especially within mountainous valleys, there are landforms that cannot be found in the current climate conditions. Most researchers find these landforms related to Quaternary glacial periods and ice performance. In the research, we will try to find and justify glacial landforms in the Qezrabad basin. Qezrabad basin located in the south-west of Yazd city in the west slopes of Shirkuh Mountain along 31Ao 48A´7" to 32Ao of northern latitudes and 53Ao 49A´ 42" to 54Ao of eastern longitudes. This research has been performed on the basis of field studies and direct observation of glacial landforms. But, we studied topographical and geological maps and also aerial photographs, at first. The resulted information of the maps was controlled with GPS system in the field. Results showed two major erosional processes occurred in the Qezrabad basin at the base of a glacier. First, deposition process includes moraines, tills, tillite, and erratic. The second process of erosion involves the abrasive action involve QezrAbad broad valley and cirques. Results show glacial traces for two periods, probably the first and the latest In the Qezrabad basin in Pleistocene. Tillites laid as unconformity layer on the bedrock (shale stone) indicate the first glaciation, and tills and moraine on the slope and aside of the river indicate the latest. Besides, erosions, glacial sediments, broad valley, and cirques are additional heritages to confirm glaciated the basin. Erosions have descended to the height 1560 meters. The height is the boundary of glacier setting in quaternary in the Qezrabad basin. As a result, the setting of morpho-climatic and morpho-dynamic for glacier period in comparison with present so that the glacier setting has been replaced with sub-glacier setting.

Lake Maharlu basin is located in a synclinal valley of the folded Zagros. The frame and rugged structure of the basin is made of three units of mountainous geomorphologic, smooth levels and tectonic hole and evolved during several geological periods under the effect of interactive relations of tectonic, climatology and hydro geomorphologic processes. In this study, the researchers applied historical, experimental, descriptive-analytic methods for geomorphologic investigation (especially, hydro-geomorphologic change) of the basin and the results are presented. Geomorphic units, especially, the mountainous area of the basin under study, under the influence of paleohydromorphotectonic, have created landforms and reverse ruggedness such as, cloze and cross valleys, air synclinals, canalization models and the like. On the other hand, paleohydromorphoclimatic conditions have created processes and paleokarst landforms in this area, and underground karsts by increasing insinuation and deep and underground flows, leading to surface canalization weakness of the basin. In current period, these conditions and characteristics have continued by smooth flow and creation of relatively different landforms, especially in basin levels and they have influenced the tissue of canalization model and processes and hydrogeomorphic landforms, in the form of neohydromorphotectonic processes ( the operation of active faults, analysis of salty domes with flow processes) and neohydromorphoclimatic processes (lake level fluctuations on climate change at present and seasonal and temporal flows), and they have created geomorphs such as alluvial fans and lake terrace and different desert forms in Maharlu basin. However, presently, some cases such as heavy rain showers in heights have created powerful surface flows and have had an important role in erosion, sedimentation and hydro-geomorphologic changes in the basin. The final result is that, tectonic and climatic conditions in the past and present time have created processes and various hydro-geomorphologic landforms in the basin. And these hydro-geomorphic characteristics have some potentials, hazards and environmental problems that must be paid attention to by planners and implementers of construction projects in the environment management to achieve a sustainable development.

Introduction: In order to study the development of mountainous areas, researchers try to determine the snow-lines in glacial and inter-glacial periods. Bidkhan mountain is located in the southeastern part of the central Iranian volcanic belt (i.e. Sahand-Bazman zone) in 29° 35 to 29° 40 northen latitude and 56° 25 to 56° 30 eastern longitude. Glacial and periglacial processes were effective in changing Bidkhan mountain morphology. Here we seek the relationship between these morphological features and current morphclimatic regions and climate change. This study attempts to identify geomorphological evidence in the face of climate change and the relationship between these shapes in Bidkhan Mountain and current morphodynamic areas also climate change in the region. The preglacial forms say that most of the hereditary forms in areas outside the range of Quaternary glaciers, are the result of the cold climate. In this paper, information is associated with inherited forms of Bidkhan mountain can be used as indicators to demonstrate the preglacial conditions…

One of the most important inheritances of climate quaternary is glacier geomorphology evidence in Iran. Identifying and demarcation of glacial landforms in highlands are the best evidences to recognize morph climatic and morph dynamic territories. The study aimed to determine the morphoclimatic and morphodynamic zones in the last glacier period and current boundaries in the Jajroud basin, and compare results with previous theories. Hence, by using satellite imageries, topographic maps, GIS geology software and field observations, the locations of cirques were identified and then by using Peltier method morphoclimatic and morphodynamic boundaries in quaternary, were determined. Method and data used in this study were mainly obtained from topographic maps, geology, satellite images, climate data temperature and monthly precipitation. Results show that low level of glacier areas already existed at height of 5220 meter, and levels of solifluction, pluvial and pediment are at 4000 meter height, fluvial at, 3400 meter, and pediment at 1565 meter respectively. Also in the last glacier period, the lowest level of glacial was respectively at 3900 meter, Solifluction at 3000 meter, and fluvial at 2000 meter. The results show that morpho dynamic and morphoclimatic levels were higher than former results attained by "Alborz Mountain researches".

Introduction and ObjectiveToday, the destruction of natural resources is one of the most important and serious challenges facing development programs. Soil erosion is among the processes that directly and indirectly threaten our country's soil and water resources. Water erosion appears on the earth in different forms, one of the advanced forms of which is the gulies. Gully erosion is one of the important processes of soil destruction, which in different climates causes significant soil losses and the production of large amounts of sediment. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the morphological characteristics of the gullies of Khuzestan province and the role of its influencing factors in the expansion of the gully areas.Materials and Methods First, by collecting available data and comparing it to satellite image and other data, the province's gullies have been defined. The first field visit focused on verifying the integrity of these areas and correcting the gullies boundaries. The total area of Khuzestan province approximately is 64000 km2 in the dry desert climate, and more than 33,862 ha of it is under the influence of gully erosion. The hot semi-arid climate also covers approximately 12,1% of the province and 16,116 ha have experienced gullies erosion. After determining the area of gullies and dividing the areas above and below 500 ha, due to the difference in appearance, topography, and vegetation, 2 and 1 representative areas were selected from the hot-dry desert and hot-semi-arid climates, respectively, and 2 replicates were selected from each representative. Longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of representative and replicated gullies were drawn and after soil sampling, all morphological features of the gullies were measured.Results and DiscussionAccording to the results, most of the gullies of the province have been created in the plains with a low slope with deep soil and loamy sand texture, silt or silt loam with pasture, and sometimes agricultural land and U-shaped cross-section. Darkhazine and Sharif gullies, with 1260 and 912 cm, and Darkhazine gullies with 420 cm value have the maximum width of top, bottom and depth in the cross-section of 75%. Also, the gullies of Choghazanbil, Darkhazine and Choghazanbil with values of 30 cm have the lowest depth, top and bottom width in the cross-section area of 75%. The overall profile is scratched, and in terms of depth class, they are in the category of medium-deep gullies with a vertical top.Conclusion and SuggestionsIntrinsic characteristics of soil, formation and geological type, climate, intensity of rainfall as natural factors, and destruction of vegetation, land use change and the lack of proper management, unprincipled road and bridge construction operations, construction and installation of oil facilities and electricity bars as human factors have played a role in the process of gully expansion. However, the diversity and change of the number and degree of influence of different factors from one point to another and the difference in their participation in the formation and expansion of the gully are based on the environmental conditions of the land. These conditions require that more research be carried out to identify as many factors as possible in the phenomenon of gully erosion and their participation in the formation and expansion of this phenomenon in different places and with different environmental conditions.

Two important characteristics, alternate climatic fluctuations and human being appearance, distinguish Quaternary from other geology periods. These climatic changes have shown increase and decrease of glacialical scope in high latitudes, but there are different and opposite theories about climatic situation of low latitudes in Iran during glacial periods. In this study the climate of the last glacial era of Namak Lake basin, located in North central Iran was investigated by using the past geomorphic evidence and statistic analyzes. Present temperature and rainfall of this basin was studied and its related displacements were plotted. Glacial cirques and lake terraces as geomorphic evidences were also studied. Regarding the snowline in different points of basin, the temperature and rainfall of the basin in Wurm glacial period was rebuilt by Wright method and the changes related to the present time was studied. Morphogenetic plans of the basin in two periods were prepared by using annual rainfall and temperature and Politer method. Results show %48 (180 mm) increase in annual rain and a 5.6oC decrease in Wurm glacial era comparable to present.Reviewing geomorphic evidence out of climatic changes including Namak Lake terraces, travertine mines, pediment vast and human civilization have proven the results.

The main issues about relation between climate and relief in the Romanian geomorphological literature follow three directions of research: the description of Pleistocene glacial and Pleistocene-Holocene periglacial landforms in the Carpathians; the direct analysis of climate’s role in landform development; the integration of separate works and findings in a synthetic morphodynamic system applicable to all of the country’ territory. The analysis of the present-day geomorphic landscape reveals two important generations of morphoclimatic landforms (old climatic landforms and the recent climatic relief-forms). In Romania we can identify three distinct morphoclimatic regions: the central-western region, the eastern and south-eastern region and the south-western region.

Introduction: Sand ramp is a kind of sand dune located on or in the foot of some mountains slopes of arid and semi-arid regions. Although these landforms does not differ from other types of sand dunes in these areas apparently, but, there are significant differences between them from the point of view of slope, sediment grain size, Morphology, sediment homogeneous, stratigraphy, lamination, mineralogy, evolution trend, Paleoenvironment, and formation processes. Unlike desert sand dunes, which are created only by the wind process, fluvial and colluvial processes also play a large role in the formation and evolution of sand ramps. Because these landforms have a much smaller dispersion than the desert sand dunes in the world, they has less studied and known. In addition, they are buried under clastic sediments in some region and not visible. In Iran, sand ramps has been created in the in the center of the country in Yazd and Kerman Provinces. The main goal of the research is the study of how to provide high volume of sediments of sand ramps located around the Ernan Plain in the eastern slopes of Shirkouh Mountain in the south of Yazd. Therefore, two factors includes rock and its weathering were studied in specific climatic conditions. The sand ramps have been created in the past climate and they are stable and inactive at now. Materials and Method: For doing the research, we have used topographic (1: 50000), geologic (1: 100000) and DEM (with 5 meter resolution) maps and field observations as well. In field observations, several samples of one of a sand ram and also a sample from granite stone were taken. In laboratory, using XRD method, minerals of sediments and of the granite stone were determined. Also, to see better the granite and sediments samples, we provided thin sections of them. These section was magnified 60 times with the electron microscope and using the camera placed on them, different images were taken from their different angles. Thus, the minerals of sand ramps sediments and also granite stone and their properties were defined and analyzed. After clearing that the minerals of sand ramp sediments and granite stone (Monzogranite) are relatively the same, weathering of granite stones, as main stone of sand ramp genesis, were analyzed. Therefore, climate condition of the region, especially temperature and precipitation, were analyzed. In according to, the isotherm and isohyet maps for present time were drawn. Because, sand ramps has been created in the past cold period, in quaternary, past temperature were reconstructed and its map were drawn. Results and Discussion: The study area has located in the central Iran's desert region with altitude variations from 1700 to 3800 meters. According to, it has a very specific climate with high temperature and humidity fluctuations. These fluctuations have been the main factor of stone weathering and consequently, the formation of specific landforms during quaternary. The current temperature data show that the study area has two separate warm and cold seasons. So that temperature during cold season has drop severe and in about 3 months, includes December, January and February, the average temperature is around 2 to 3 degrees Celsius. However, the temperature at altitudes above 3000 meters for a cold period reaches to below zero degree. Because of high altitudes, precipitation is more than 200 mm per year. Therefore, the preglacier morphoclimatic conditions is dominant on the region weakly at now and frost and melting ice happens, especially during the cold season. Reconstruction of the past temperature in the region showed that the area has been 13 ° cooler in the Pleistocene cold period. Besides, the findings of the sand ramp sediment showed that Plagioclases, Alkali Feldspars, Quartzes, Biotite, Muscovite, Apatite and Amphibole are the major minerals orderly according to the volume and the abundance. These minerals create the monzogranite rocks of eastern slopes of Shirkouh Mountain. Conclusion: Results showed that sand ramp sediments had been provided by monzogranite rocks weathering of the eastern slopes of the Shirkouh Mountain. The study of developing sand ramp showed that it is forming on the foot of slope of altitudes above 2400 meters. Where granite stones had been outcropped and the preglacier climate is dominant. In fact, the preglacier morphoclimatic condition had caused to weather granite stones. Results, also showed that the temperature in the past period had been 13 ° C cooler than present. In this condition, the slopes above 2500 m. had have glacial morphoclimatic and below them had been influenced by preglacial morphoclimatic conditions. These climates have been favorite for degradation and weathering of granites. The presence of moisture destroys biotite and feldspars minerals and causes to separate other minerals, such as quartz, from each other. Temperature also affects granite weathering. Because its constituent minerals have different temperature expansion points. For example, the expansion of the quartz temperature is three times that of feldspar. Therefore, temperature changes create pressures inside and between mineral grains that cause them to be separated. However, lower temperatures with minimal moisture (that is preglacier conditions) are one of the most important factors affecting the weathering of granite. Thus, with the destruction of granites, a large amount of fine-grained sediment materials is provided and carried by the water or ice tongue to the downstream. Theses sediments have been ascended on the mountain slopes by winds and created sand ramps.