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BREAKWATERS ARE WALL-SHAPE STRUCTURES PREPARING LEE SIDE CALMNESS THROUGH WAVE REFLECTION AND DISSIPATION (DUE TO DIFFRACTION).THIS CALM BASIN ARE USED IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS AMONG THEM ARE: MOORING, BERTHING, LOADING, UNLOADING AND SECURE OPERATION OF VESSELS AND HARBOR FACILITIES PROTECTION. IMPROVING HARBOR ENTRANCE CONDITIONS TO CONTROL SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PROCESS IS ANOTHER GOAL OF BREAKWATER EXECUTION. CONSTRUCTION COSTS ARE REMARKABLY AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAINLY REFERRED TO AS: WATER DEPTH, WEATHER CONDITIONS AND SEA-BED FEATURES. DEPENDING ON THE SITUATION, BREAKWATERS ARE COMMONLY ERECTED IN TWO DISTINCT WAYS: WATERBORNE & LAND-BASED. APART FROM ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EITHER WAYS, SELECTION OF EXECUTION METHOD IS STRONGLY DEPENDENT ON SOME PARAMETERS LIKE: OPERATION AND COMMISSIONING DEADLINES (AS CLIENT WISHES) AND SITE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS .SITE POSITION AND SPECIAL CONDITION OF EACH PROJECT CAN EITHER MAKE OR SOLVE MANY CONSTRUCTION COST PROBLEMS. IN THIS PAPER SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF LAND-BASED AND WATERBORNE ERECTION OF SUCH STRUCTURES HAVE BEEN COMPARED .CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF PARS PETROCHEMICAL PROJECT AS A CASE HISTORY OF PAPER AND A NEW EXPERIENCE IN IRAN (ASSALUYEH PORT) HAS BEEN ADDRESSED IN DETAIL AS WELL AS COMPARING METHOD STATEMENT WITH COMMON CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS REFERRED TO IN THE LITERATURE OF PRACTICE. FINALLY SOME USEFUL RECOMMENDATIONS WILL BE GIVEN IN CONCLUDING REMARKS.

THE TRADITIONAL WIDTH OF DESIGNED CORE LAYERS OF BREAKWATERS IN IRAN IS OFTEN MORE THAN THE SIMILAR KINDS OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY FOCUSED IN THE MINIMUM WITH OF CORE IN THE BREAKWATERS. THIS WIDTH HAS REACHED TO 11M AND EVEN MORE IN SOME PROJECTS. PERVIOUS STUDIES SHOWED THAT IRANIAN BREAKWATERS ARE GENERALLY CONSTRUCTED BY LAND BASE METHODS. THE DOMINANT FACTORS ON THE WIDTH OF CORE ARE NOT HYDRAULIC OR GEO-TECHNICAL VARIABLES, BUT PROVIDING THE POSSIBILITY OF ASSURED ACTIVITY OF MACHINERY ON THE BREAKWATER IS THE IMPORTANT FACTOR. ALSO, THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE WIDTH CAN BE LESS THAN THE CURRENT RATE IN MOST OF IRANIAN BREAKWATERS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE WIDTH COULD BE REDUCED USING SUITABLE CONSTRICTION METHODS SUCH AS IMPLEMENTATION OF A CORE LAYER IN TWO LEVELS, USE OF HORIZONTAL SURFACE OF THE FILTER LAYER, IMPLEMENTATION OF AN STEEP SLOPE OF CORE IN THE FIRST STAGE, USE OF TEMPORARY PROTECTION AND DELAYING THE USE OF HEAVY CRANE FOR DEPLOYMENT OF STONE TO THE END OF THE WORK. THE ABOVE-MENTIONED METHODS CAN BE A SUITABLE FOR REDUCING THE WIDTH OF BREAKWATERS AND THEIR EXPENSES.

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INTRUDUCTION: SAFE AND ECONOMIC DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES IS AN IMPORTANT TASK IN COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING. ONE OF THE MAIN PARAMETERS IN THE SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL STRUCTURES IS WAVE OVERTOPPING RATE. OVERTOPPING CAN CAUSE FATALITIES AND SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC DAMAGE TO THE OVERTOPPED STRUCTURE. HENCE, THE OVERTOPPING RATES ARE USUALLY LIMITED BY THE ALLOWABLE RATE IN THESE STRUCTURES.IN THE LAST DECADES, SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED FOR PREDICTION OF WAVE OVERTOPPING RATE AT COASTAL STRUCTURES. AS A RESULT OF THESE STUDIES, DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMPIRICAL FORMULAS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR VARIOUS COASTAL STRUCTURES. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THESE STUDIES ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE COASTAL ENGINEERING MANUAL AND THE EUROTOP ENGINEERING MANUAL.

INTRODUCTION: CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENT AND IMPOUNDMENTS OVER SOFT SOILS IS ONE OF THE CITED APPLICATIONS FOR GEOSYNTHETICS. THE GEOSYNTHETICS IN THIS APPLICATION WILL HAVE TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS:1) SEPARATION OF THE COARSE VALUABLE MATERIALS AND BLOCK THE MATERIAL TO BE IMMERSED IN THE WEAK SOIL. 2) THE REINFORCEMENT OF THE FILL MATERIAL TO STOP IT FROM LATERAL SPREADING AND ROTATIONAL FAILURE AND REDUCING TOTAL SETTLEMENT.DESIGN PROCEDURE: THE MAIN BREAKWATER WAS DESIGNED WITH GEOSLOPEÂ SOFTWARE USING BISHOP METHOD. THE DESIGN METHOD FOR THE APPLICATION OF GEOGRID IS FULLY COVERED BY BS8006: 1995. ON THE OTHER HAND THE DESIGN METHOD PRESENTED BY FHWA HI-95-038 WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE ALLOWABLE STRAIN IN THE GRID. A SECUGRID 400.40 R6 IS USED IN THE BASE OF THE EMBANKMENT TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FOUNDATION. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BREAKWATER CONSOLIDATION HAS BEEN ANALYZED WITH PLAXISÂ SOFTWARE USING A PLANE STRAIN MODEL.

PHYSICAL MODEL STUDY IS AN IMPORTANT TOOL TO EVALUATE THE DOMINATE PARAMETERS, FORMULAS AND ALSO OPTIMIZING THE DESIGN CRITERIA ON COASTAL STRUCTURES. THIS EXPERIMENTAL STUDY DEALS WITH THE 2D TOE STABILITY AND SCOUR DEPTH AT THE TRUNK SECTION OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATER IN A WAVE FLUME. TWO BREAKWATER MODELS WITH SLOPES OF 1:1.2 AND 1:0.66, DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF BED, WAVES AND WATER LEVEL (8CM£H£12CM, 2S£T£4S, 48CM£H£54CM) ARE EMPLOYED TO ANALYZE THE TOE STABILITY AND SCOUR DEPTH. THE TESTS ARE CONDUCTED WITH REGULAR WAVES. IT IS FOUND THAT THE SCOUR DEPTH IN FRONT OF THE RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATER DEPENDS ON WAVE HEIGHT, STRUCTURE SLOPE, WATER LEVEL AND WAVE PERIOD, BUT THE RESULTS REVEALS THAT THE EFFECT OF WAVE PERIOD ON SCOUR DEPTH IS MORE THAN OTHERS. COUNTERMEASURES FOR TOE STABILITY ARE ALSO INVESTIGATED FOR THE DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. THE RESULTS SHOWS THAT THE EFFECT OF PERIOD MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT AS A SIGNIFICANT PARAMETER ON DAMAGE OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATER TOE, SO THAT LONG PERIOD WAVES WITH MORE ENERGY CAN BE A THREAT FOR RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATER. ALSO THE RESULTS OF THE TOE STABILITY AND SCOUR DEPTH ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM OF DIAGRAMS.