Manjil wind is one of the most atmospheric phenomena the Iranian plateau. Behavior and spatial range of Manjil wind has been very limited. In this study, SCData of 30 synoptic stations in the province of Gilan and Iran plateau and also NCEP / NCAR data (horizontal resolution of 2.5°) ECMWF (horizontal resolution of 0.125°) were used for statistics and synoptic analysis. This study indicates the daily specific behaviors and quasi-permanent phenomenon during the days of the year. Manjil wind is starting to blow from around 9 Am local time and peak in 15 to 16 hours, local time. The most frequency of Manjil wind is during June and July. Statistics study show the influence of Manjil wind on daily and seasonal temperature regime. In this study for the first time, results showed that Manjil wind is expanding to the altitude of 1400 meters above sea to Jirandeh station in the southern slops of the Alborz mountains. In synoptic scale, pressure gradient between Caspian Sea thermal high pressure and Iran plateau thermal low pressure cause to form wind. Daily and seasonal behaviors of Manjil wind especially speed and frequency of occurrence is related to two regional scale atmospheric systems that are affected by thermal properties of the lower levels of the atmosphere. In this study, an index was introduced to identify the factors leading to blowing Manjil wind. This index is pressure difference between the Caspian Sea and Iranian Plateau (CSIP) that confirms Manjil wind formation mechanism.

Sefidrood valley has made the air changes possible between northern part of the country and the plateau of Iran. In this valley Manjil wind blowing from the north to the south in a year long period affects other regions. Using the statistical data drawn from the Manjil Meteorological station, wide fluctuations of such a current can be detected regarding the speed of the wind. In other words, throughout the year, even in the hot season,significantly various speed range can be observed. It means that in the hot weather period of the year (from April till the end of September) the speed of the wind is increasing to some extent and consequently it has a remarkable effect on the residents, comfort in the region, plant cover, apparent changes on the earth, and specially on the sediment behind the Manjil dam, etc. In comparison, the direction of the wind that blows from the north to the south has a meaningfully stable process. At first, the author tried to survey the changes that occurred in the blowing area and then analyzes the periods of blowing.

This study presents the results of a detailed structural analysis of the west-central Alborz with emphasis on the pattern of neotectonic stress field on the Manjil-Rudbar fault This part of the Alborz mountain is characterized by an abrupt change of structural trend from NW-SW to N-S in Talesh mountain. in order to determine th geometry and mechanism of faults around The Manjil-Rudbar-Earthqake-fault are fault planes and related striations in 28 stations measured. By inversion of these data, stress directions and associated tectonic regime for each station hsd been determined.Inferring principal stress direction (s1) from the geological indicators (inversion of the fault slip data) and the focal mechanisms (p-axis), a map of stress orientation around the Manjil-rudbar fault is proposed. The stress direction shows in vicinity of the fault an E-W directed stress that lies nearly parallel to the strike of itA way from the fault the stress direction becomes parallel to the regional stress direction namely NE-directed. Fault-parallel stress direction near the fault suggests an effect of the extremely high shear strength resulted from the N-S-directed convergent of the Iranian plate toward the rigid Caspian block. The tectonic regime deduced by version of fault slip data shows two distinct behaviors:in vicinity of the fault it shows a strike-slip regime, which  results from compressive regime away from it.

Development that is not environmentally friendly is not sustainable. One of the methods of sustainable development is the use of renewable energy such as wind. One of the most important sites in Iran with wind energy potential is the Manjil region. Four sites in Manjil region (Manjil, Siahpoosh, Rudbar and Herzeville) were surveyed. In this paper, wind energy potential measurement in onshore and coastal areas evaluates wind energy according to the extensions developed by the authors. The results with scientific achievements and similar software in 4 stages of wind simulation, simulation of conditions the boundary of the range will assess wind power and extractable energy. Summary of spatial fit and arrangement of turbines shows that Manjil power plant in world energy class has sufficient quality of energy production and can be compared with global sites. This site with a nominal capacity of 240 million kilowatt-hours per year is one of the largest sites in the Middle East with a capacity factor of 0. 25. Siahpoosh site with a capacity of 410 million kilowatt-hours per year has a limited factor capacity of 8%. This site has a coefficient of variation of 11%, which modeling shows that the choice of 660 MW turbines is not very appropriate and practical. Therefore, it seems that the use of 500 kW turbines has a better capability than 660 turbines on this site. Based on the results, the two sites of Rudbar and Herzeville have a very proportionate factor capacity, so these two sites can be upgraded according to the installation of Class 4 and 3 turbines.

Iran is one of the most hazard-prone and vulnerable countries to disasters, with recurrent earthquakes causing severe human and economic losses. Yet, recovery has often been shaped by emergency-driven decisions, inadequate documentation, and weak institutional memory. The 1990 Rudbar-Manjil earthquake, the first major disaster to occur after the Islamic Revolution, marked a turning point in disaster management and reconstruction history. While significant, most existing studies have centered on official perspectives, overlooking the lived experiences of affected populations and practitioners. This study addresses that gap by revisiting the earthquake through oral history to preserve intangible heritage and extract lessons for future recovery. Using a qualitative approach, 63 semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials, decision-makers, and residents between July 2021 and February 2022. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to identify participants until data saturation was achieved. Transcriptions were systematically coded and thematically analyzed. This process produced a multi-perspective narrative of recovery, revealing both achievements and enduring challenges across institutional, social, and community dimensions. The Rudbar–Manjil case shows that durable disaster recovery depends on preparedness, effective governance, and community engagement. Preparedness requires pre-disaster frameworks and a process-oriented approach linking response and recovery. Strong governance relies on streamlined, transparent institutions, inter-agency coordination, and systematic information management. Embedding risk reduction throughout recovery ensures sustainability. Ultimately, community involvement is crucial: striking a balance between local participation and technical oversight enhances legitimacy and resilience. Addressing technical, institutional, and social dimensions together creates more effective and enduring recovery outcomes.

For time history analysis of structures, appropriate records are needed. Due to the lack of strong-motion records from large earthquakes in some parts of Iran (e.g. Tehran region), earthquake simulation is a useful tool for studying strong-motion characteristics. In this study, a hybrid method has been used for obtaining source parameters of the 1990 Rudbar-Manjil earthquake (Mw7.3). In this simulation we assume fault plane, slip distribution and etc., then each parameter optimized after comparing simulated results with observed ones. In this hybrid method low frequency component of record obtained by the wave-number scheme that is a deterministic method and high frequency component obtained by the stochastic simulation method of Boore (2003), extended to the case of finite faults. Records from the stochastic method filtered with a high pass filter (fc=1.5 Hz) and results from the deterministic method filtered with low pass filter (fc=1.5 Hz), then the time-histories have been combined/added in the time domain. Final results have been compared with observed PSA and PSV in specified strong-motion stations. After comparing, optimized parameters have found, then based on this optimized parameters intensity contour has drawn; simulated intensity contours show good match with and observed ones. Best parameters are 2500 m/s for rupture velocity and 3 seconds for ramp function (i.e. rise time) and 36.82o N and 49.40o for earthquake epicenter. The results are important for the assessment of hazards in other seismically active parts of Alborz mountains (e.g. Greater Tehran area).

The monthly wind speed data are used to determination of a Weibull density distribution function for Manjil wind energy plant in Iran. The data collected during a five years period from 1993 to 1998 and reported by the Iran's Meteorological Organization. The results show that the numerical values of the shape parameter vary between 0.87 and 1.64, whereas the value of the scale factor is found to vary between 4.09 and 10.25 m/s. It is also concluded from this study that the wind data are very well represented by the Weibull distribution function.      

This article is based on a research project on the socioeconomic impacts of resettling rural inhabitants and combining villages in the earthquake - stricken areas of Rudbar - Manjil. After the earthquake in 1990 and in the process of reconstruction of the area, around 70 villages were relocated. Among these, 46 villages were also combined with their neighboring settlements. This article examines the socioeconomic impacts of these resettlements and relocations within the existing conceptual frameworks and development strategies. Research for this article benefited from a set of methodologies comprising desk research, analysis of existing data, questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, and field observations. Results show that physical relocation and resettlement have enhanced the capacity of the villages to cope with potential natural disasters and has provided the inhabitants with some new infrastructure. Yet, relocation and resettlement have also resulted in a number of socioeconomic shifts that may at least in the short-run increase the vulnerabilities of the rural residents.