The event of Seffin as a main challenge in the front of Imam Ali's state, has been a topic for historian and researchers. This event which has been counted as Fitna (civil war), has been reflected variousely in the Islamic historiography, especially in Iraqi and Syrian schools. The main question which the current article tries to find an answer to it, is: How the Seffin event (with its backgrounds and aftermaths) has been reflected in the Ibn Abi al-Hadid's Interpretation? The findings of this study – which is upon the Ibn Abi al-Hadid's Interpretation and historical sources- show that Ibn Abi al_Hadid accuses Muawiya as an agent of crisis in the Iraq and Syria relations. He declares- on the idealogical stand-that Muawiya disobeyed the orders of his superior and he caused muslims to be killed. Thus he will be in the hell eternally as a Zindiq. Thus he will be in the hell eternally as a Zindiq.

Background and Aim: The Holy Quran has emphasized a lot on ethics and the issue of paying attention to ethics in political decision-making is a very important issue in the political governance of Islam. In such a way that the ultimate goal in politics and governance is to achieve the happiness of the Islamic Ummah, not to achieve domination and power. At the beginning of the Umayyad rule, the grab of power to secure personal and tribal interests became the goal of the rulers' actions and Mu'awiya's actions based on the absence of a two-way relationship between politics and ethics became the model of the caliphs after him. In this way, Umayyad politics under the leadership of Mu'awiyah was a separation between the two categories of politics and ethics. The problem of the present research is to investigate the performance of Muawiyah in relation to the separation of ethics and politics and to analyze the examples of violations of ethics in his policies as the founder of the Umayyad government in the history of Islam. In this regard, we will have a look at the theory of Malik Ben Nabi in the political ethics of the Umayyad era in order to clarify how Muawiya's behavior in the field of action and opinion led to the decline of Islamic governance and was able to regress political ethics in Islamic governance. Methods: This research is a review, descriptive and analytical study and its data has been provided by collecting research slips from library sources. Ethical Considerations: The principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the entire research process. Results: During the Umayyad dynasty period, especially the period of Muawiya's rule, due to the priority of power over happiness, a constructive relationship between ethics and politics was not established; Rather, in order to gain power, methods contrary to the approach of ethics and politics were adopted. Conclusion: Muawiya and the Umayyad government in general in the field of Islamic civilization by using anti-ethical methods such as Creating terror, poisoning and terror, lying, falsifying hadith and cultural activities and reproduction of Jahili ideas, caused a negative and inconsistent relationship between ethics and politics in the field of governance.

The discussion of persuasion as a rhetorical process, in which the preacher seeks to harness the author to act or leave, by directing him to believe that each of them considers it an adequate or acceptable condition for action or abandonment, And because the messages of Imam Ali material rich in form and content and the integration of the set of relations governing the text are fully consistent with the structure of the text altogether, we chose one of these messages to study the process of persuasion and pilgrims. The study means to look at the total techniques adopted by the imam to protest or refute the idea of trying to convince Muawiya to simplify or induce him to submit to what he is proposing. Since the message of 28 of the approach of the rhetoric of Imam Ali contains multiple mechanisms of persuasion, we dealt with the most important techniques used for the claims of Muawiya and their reluctance, including methods of connection and causal link, and methods of separation, and links of flexor, The field of man, reasoning and weighting taking a descriptive-analytical approach. It is the result of this study that it aims to find a deep view of the reader of the Imam's messages and gives him a new impression of the direction of this Imam's message; do not know the method of Imam Hajjaj in his messages and the way of his response and response to the special Tarawat Muawiya.

Discussing and presenting the views about the personality of Imam Hussain and his rising and martyrdom, one will come across the story of a woman who was loved by Yazid. So, Muawiya, deceived the woman's husband to divorce her in order to marry his son. When the messenger of Muawiya was on his way to propose her for Yazid, Imam Hussain also asked him to question if she is willing to accept his offer for marriage. The woman preferred Imam Hussain. After a while, without marrying her, Imam Hussain sent back the woman to her husband and said that his aim was protection of his wife. Consequently, the purpose of Yazid was not fulfilled. In some cases the importance of this history has been related to the rise and martyrdom of Imam Hussain. In this article various historical reports are reconsidered and try to evidence the fact.

One of the most important and influential events in the political history of Imam Hassan (a.s.) is his assassination on the way from Sabat to Mada'in, which according to famous historians was carried out by the Khawarij. Based on these sources, two things have become famous: firstly, the Imam's sermon in Sabat, which was the first issue that provoked the Khawarij to oppose him, with the suspicion of a peace proposal with Muawiyah by Imam Hassan; The second is the operationalization of this incitement by the Khawarij with the assassination of Imam Hassan (a.s.), which was carried out on the way from Sabat to Mada'in. Considering the important role that this sermon and the attribution of assassination to Khawarij have in the overall analysis of the story of peace between Imam Hassan (a.s.) and Muawiya, it is necessary to carefully analyze the important issues that exist in terms of documents and content. In this research, with a descriptive and analytical method, by examining the documents related to the content of the sermon and the assassination incident, which are related to each other, the main designers of the assassination were investigated and, contrary to popular opinion, the theory of the assassination of the Imam by the nobles and influential agents of Muawiya has presented

When through trick of Amr b. As and by command of Muawiya Qurans were raised by spears in the Siffin battle and Iraqi army was summoned to the Quranic arbitration, dispute in Imam Ali’s army commenced. Those who opposed the plan of arbitration via motto of “there is no command but Allah’s” have rapidly changed into a political-theoretical current. Although almost all of them were killed in the Nahrawan battle, the main current was not destroyed; it developed more after Imam Ali had been killed and caused more occurrences in three initial Hijri centuries. The present essay investigates the grounds for forming and raising of khawarij in the Iraqi, and not Syrian, army as well as their political-theoretical themes and social nature.

The Battle of Karbala is one of the important issues and topics in the history of Islam, which Shia and Sunni thinkers and experts in the fields of historical, theological, jurisprudence and hadith studies have looked at and discussed it with different viewpoints. One of the famous personalities and theoreticians in the field of Sunni jurisprudence and theological thought is Abu Bakr ibn Arabi, whose views on the battle of Karbala have long been exploited by Salafi movements. In his book named "Al-Awasem Men Al-Qawasem Fi Tahghigh Mawaghef Sahabeh Ba’ad Wafat al-Nai ((PBUH)" he has analyzed the battle of Karbala in the form of a discursive order/structure. In this discursive order, the insider discourse or discourses have been highlighted, and the outsider discourse has been marginalized. In this research, using the discourse analysis method of Laclau and Mouffe, it was determined that the discourse structure in Ibn Arabi's report is a combination of three emotional, historical and political discourses. In the meantime, political discourse has become dominant and two other discourses have been intelligently and consciously placed at the service of political discourse and marginalized.

The main goal of this research is to compare the personality of Muawiyah (son of Abu Sufyan) based on historical data and the characteristics of hypocrites in the Holy Quran. Studying and examining historical reports, the authors in this research have tried to get a comprehensive picture of Muawiya's personality dimensions (cognitive, belief, tendency, moral and behavioral). This research has dealt with the conventional qualitative content analysis method of categorization and examination of relevant historical propositions. The results show that Muawiya, in the cognitive dimension, is plagued by ignorance, stupidity and misguidance; And in terms of belief, he was a denier of Islam, and in the field of orientation, he had a tendency towards God's enemies (polytheists and infidels) and supporting them was his main effort. His morals and corrupt behavior also tell the story of an infested field full of poisonous weeds, the result of which is confronting the manifestations of Islam and the Alawite religion. For this reason, his biography has a basic correspondence with the personality type of the hypocrites in the Qur'an. Knowing this kind of personality of hypocrites and opponents of the Islamic government can be a guide and opener for the rulers and officials of the Islamic system in facing similar incidents.

In spite of the emphasis on Islamic sources and texts on the establishment of the Islamic Ummah and its formation in the early Islamic centuries, this issue gradually began to differentiate and experiences a political segregation. This is due to the incorrect political behavior of the political elites and the incorrect understanding of the Islamic intellectual system when the new elements were replaced in the knowledge sysytem of Muslims. Maududi describes two factors as the most important elements in the split of Islamic unity. The first one was emergence of Soltani's system of ruling in Islamic state by Muawiya after four Caliphs and the second was isolation of the human caliphate, which was common with the democratic methods during the four Caliphs period. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors of Islamic political segregation as well as the strategy for its reconstruction from Maududi's perspective. The significance of this research is because of the fact that Maududi is one of the great contemporary Islamic thinkers who has been influencing the Salafist groups, which are nowadays are known as the cause of the breakup of and segregation in Islamic Ummah. This article compiles the necessary data and information in a documentary manner and interprets it in an analytical way from the perspective of Maududi.