In this paper, we propose a new heterostructure dual material gate junctionless field-effect transistor (H-DMG-JLFET), with negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristic. The drain and channel material are silicon and source material is germanium. The gate electrode near the source is larger. A dual gate material technique is used to achieve upward band bending in order to access n-i-p-n structure which is caused by workfunction difference between electrodes and silicon. In JL-FETs as gate voltage increases, the electric-field intensifies and the band diagram profile starts to change. It is illustrated that, by increasing the gate voltage, the potential barrier decrease and the drain current increase. In the gate voltage of 0. 64 V, due to appearance of a negative peak of electric-field and carriers transport within the field, the drain current decrease. Consequently, the NDR characteristic is achieved. With increase of the gate voltage the negative peak of electric-field is intensified and the drain current is decreased.

Electron transport properties of pure and oxygen and/or methyl substituted pyrene between two semi-infinite aluminum atomic electrodes have been investigated by means of density functional theory plus the non-equilibrium green’ s function method. The electrodes were represented by a slab of Al atoms oriented along the [111] plane. The computations were carried out in the bias voltage range of 0. 0 up to 2. 0 V under three gate voltages including-3. 0, 0. 0 and +3. 0 V. The results showed negative differential resistance and relatively high rectification. All of the calculations were carried out with Open source Package for Material eXplorer (OPENMX) 3. 6 computer code within the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation energy and norm-conserving Kleinman-Bylander pseudo potentials. The observed rectifying and the negative differential resistance were justified using the transmission spectrum and its integration in the corresponding bias window. Also, the negative differential resistance behavior was investigated by studying the density of states of left electrode, central region and right electrode and their overlaps.

The root "N D R" has played an effective role in the construction of some key concepts in the Holy Qur'an. For example, "Nadr", a derivative of the root "N D R", is considered as a religious concept which refers to a special ritual practice. On the other hand, there is a range of Arabic words such as "Indār", "Mundir" and "Nadī r" which convey the meaning of fear and horror. The most lexicographers and exegetes of the Holy Qur'an have merely mentioned these seemingly irrelevant meanings of the root "N D R" and have remained silent about the occurrence of polysemy and homonymy. Based on the view that the study of the historical background of vocabularies through etymology is an effective method for distinguishing polysemy from homonymy, this essay etymologizes the root "N D R" and proves the root convergence between "Nadr" and "Indār". This study illustrates that "Nadr" in the context of the Holy Qur'an refers to a special ritual which is performed in order to protect a person from fears and threats.

In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel design of a lightly doped drain and source carbon nanotube field effect transistor (LDDS-CNTFET) with a negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristic, called negative differential resistance LDDS-CNTFET (NDR-LDDS-CNTFET). The device was simulated by using a non equilibrium Green’s function method. To achieve this phenomenon, we have created two quantum wells in the intrinsic channel by using two n-type regions. In the wells that are separated by a thin barrier, two resonance states are generated. On the other hand, the thickness of the barrier between the source and the well is variable depending on the energy level. Accordingly, with increasing gate-source voltage, the number of tunneling electrons and consequently drain-source current are varied. Furthermore, we have presented a structure with two n-type and three p-type regions in the channel that illustrates a larger NDR region. In this structure, the peak and valley of the drain-source current are shifted when compared with the previous structure. Finally, we investigated the effect of doping concentration on the NDR parameter.

Objectives: Piezophototronic is an emerging field that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. This phenomenon is based on the simultaneous effect of light radiation and mechanical stress on the electrical transport of semiconductors. In this work, the piezo phototronic phenomenon in biological DNA chains is studied. By simultaneously investigating these two external stimuli, the best conditions for flowing electric current through DNA sequences can be obtained and used to design optical and piezoelectric (piezo phototronic) detectors. Method & Materials: In this work, we study the electrical current through different DNA sequences by simultaneously investigating the effect of mechanical stress and light radiation. We use the Hamiltonian model of Peyrard, Bishop and Dauxois (PBD) modified by the effects of electric field of light radiation by laser and mechanical stress caused by an external force. Then, by obtaining the evolution equations of the system and calculating the electric current through the sequence, we study the electrical transport of the system. Results: The results show that pseudo-ohmic regions are observed in the current-voltage characteristic diagram through the voltage variation, which can be used for designing a trivial electrical device. Then, with increasing voltage, the slope of the current-voltage characteristic diagram changes to negative. In other words, we observe negative differential resistance (NDR) phenomenon in some parameter values. The NDR region can be used for designing controllable switches. Again, with increasing voltage, we observe that such regions repeat periodically. The highest current flows through the CG-20 bp sequence at room temperature (300K) and with increasing temperature, the current through the sequence decreases. Conclusion: Mechanical stress and light radiation can be influential factors on the electrical transport of a biological system based on DNA. It can be said that by adjusting the intensity and frequency of the applied force and light radiation, the current through the system can be controlled, which is useful in designing piezo phototronic devices. Piezo phototronic devices are one of the main components of detectors and biosensors that can play a significant role in diagnosing diseases and their causes.

Background: Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is one of the main indicators of the millennium development goals and its accurate estimation is very important for the countries concerned. The objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of capture-recapture (CRC) as an analytical method to estimate MMR in countries.Methods: We used the CRC method to estimate MMR in Iran for 2004 and 2005, using two data sources: The maternal mortality surveillance system and the National Death Registry (NDR). Because the data registry contains errors, we defined three levels of matching criteria to enable matching of cases between the two systems. Increasing the matching level makes the matching criteria less conservative. Because NDR data were missing or incomplete for some provinces, we calculated estimates for two conditions: With and without missing/incomplete data.Results: According to the CRC method, MMR in 2004 and 2005 were 33 and 25 in the best-case scenarios respectively and 86 and 59 in the worst-case scenarios respectively. These estimates are closer to the ones reported by United Nations Agencies published in 2010, 38 and Hogan’s study, 30 in 100, 000 live births in 2005.Conclusions: The MMR estimation by CRC method is slightly different from the international studies. CRC can be considered as a cost-effective method, in comparison with cross-sectional studies or improvement of vital registration systems, which are both costly and difficult. However, to achieve accurate estimates of MMR with CRC method and decrease the uncertainty we need to have valid databases and the absence of such capacities will limit the applicability of this method in developing countries with poor quality health databases.

Research and exploration of the remaining relics from the past has special importance in identifying the date, history and the identity of a country. Development and the advancement of human knowledge have offered new methods for the detection archaeological sites that by using them without the need for excavation and destruction of antiquities can be found useful information. Today, the non-destructive geophysical methods such as gravimetry and Magnetometry used to detect the archaeological discoveries without harmful environmental effects that only use natural properties of the subsurface material. For archeology studying, the target is detection of sub-surface structures which was made in the enceint. But here it’s posible was coverd by some overburden such as alluvium.The gravity method is based on density contrast between the anomalous body (walls and chambers) and the host deposites and environments of them. While, in magnetic survey we use contrast of magnetization in between the environment and anomalous bodies, which is caused by natural factors or human activities such as metal products, building materials and cavities are filled. In this paper; to investigate the subsurface structures of walls and rooms in a part of the Teppe-Hissar archaeological site in Damghan, the gravity and magnetic data were used. In order to this work, the gravity and magnetic data measured in a regular grid in the desired area and then after do corrections such as instrument drift correction, free air and slab Bougure, latitude and terrain corrections on gravity data and the daily correction and Reduction to pole (RTP) correction on the magnetic data, the gravity and magnetic anomalies map were obtained. When the data quality permits, a range of highpass filters, such as downward continuation or vertical derivatives, can be applied to bring out fine detail. Also, In order to separate the residual anomaliy from regional we used trend surface method. Local phase filters provide an alternative approach but conventional phase functions need to be unwrapped to remove phase ambiguity. Therefore, detection of the boundary of chambers or walls and the horizontal location of sources can be obtained from derivative based filters such as the horizontal gradient magnitude, tilt-angle, theta-map, Laplacian and tangent hyperbolic. since the tilt angle is based on a ratio of derivatives, it enhances large and small amplitude anomalies well. The results show that the tilt angle is effective in balancing the amplitudes of the different anomalies, but it is not primarily an edge-detection filter. The theta map uses the analytic signal amplitude to normalize the total horizontal derivative. The amplitude of the response of this filter from the deeper and shallow source bodies is similar, although the response from the deeper bodies is rather diffuse. The hyperbolic tilt angle (HTA) filter uses of the real part of the hyperbolic tangent function in the tilt angle calculation achieved better delineation of the edges of the anomalous body than the other filters we use here. The maximum value of the HTA gives location of the body edges. Normalized Derivatives Ratio (NDR), a new edge-detection filter, is based on ratios of the derivatives orthogonal to the horizontal of the field. The NDR is demonstrated using synthetic and real gravity and magnetic data from an archaeology site, Tepe-Hissar. Compared with other filters, the NDR filter produces more detailed results as can see that the separation and detection walls and chambers have a high compliance with the results of excavations carried out. The results of these methods with the results of excavations carried out in the last few decades are highly adaptable, as it can be, according to the results of drilling, subsurface structures such as streets, walls or houses on the data obtained by gravity and magnetic survey. The information and data from these methods in an ancient area can be used as a basic plan by archaeologists for the archaeological exploration and excavation depth of field.

The use of geophysical methods, before digging, can be effective in the archaeological explorations. In the meantime, the gravimetery is the one of the most widely methods that be use, due to lack of harmful environmental effects. The gravity method is based on density contrast between the anomalous body and the country rocks or around of them. For archeology studying, the target is detection of sub-surface structures which was made in the enceint. But here it’s posible was coverd by some overburden such as alluvium. There are varity of density contarst that can be detect by using gravity data, thereforet the density contrast between the walls and chambers can be studied by the gravimetery. In this article, to investigate the subsurface structures of walls in the ancient area of Tepe-Hissar in Damghan, the gravity data and fuzzy filtres was used. In geophysical prospecting there are some nosiy data that must be removed. The first all of required corrections for example instrument drift correction, free air and slab bougure, latitude and terrain corrections were done on gravity data. In this way the bougure gravity anomaly was obtained. Images of the gravity field of the Earth are used worldwide as part of exploration programs for mineral, hydrocarbons, and archaeology and etc. resources. When the data quality permits, a range of highpass filters, such as downward continuation or vertical derivatives, can be applied to bring out fine detail. Also, In order to separate the residual anomaliy from regional gravity we used trend surface method. Local phase filters provide an alternative approach but conventional phase functions need to be unwrapped to remove phase ambiguity (Fitzgerald et al., 1997). Therefore, detection of the boundary of chambers or walls and the horizontal location of sources can be obtained from derivative based filters such as the horizontal gradient magnitude, tilt-angle, theta-map, Laplacian and tangent hyperbolic, however these methods typically fail for archaeological purposes due to the high noise content of these datasets. In this paper, the first similary to prospecting area a synthetic model prepared which combined some chambers and walls, and the chambers or rooms have filled with the alluvium and soil. Based on the filters, here we can detect the edges that the density change sharp and density contrast will be high or very low. One of the conventional phase filter that use for edge detection is the tilt angle (Miller and Singh, 1994). The gradient tilt angle has some interesting properties. As a dimensionless ratio it responds equally well to shallow and deep sources and to a large dynamic range of amplitudes for sources at the same level. Because the tilt angle is based on a ratio of derivatives, it enhances large and small amplitude anomalies well. The results show the tilt angle of the synthetic and real data. The tilt angle is effective in balancing the amplitudes of the different anomalies, but it is not primarily an edge-detection filter. The theta map uses the analytic signal amplitude to normalize the total horizontal derivative (Wijns et al. 2005). The amplitude of the response of this filter from the deeper and shallow source bodies is similar, although the response from the deeper bodies is rather diffuse. The hyperbolic tilt angle (HTA) filter uses of the real part of the hyperbolic tangent function in the tilt angle calculation achieved better delineation of the edges of the anomalous body than the other filters we use here. The maximum value of the HTA gives location of the body edges (Cooper and Cowan, 2006). Edge enhancement in potential-field data helps geological and archaeological interpretation. There are many methods for enhancing edges, most of which are high-pass filters based on the horizontal or vertical derivatives of the field. Normalized Derivatives Ratio (NDR), a new edge-detection filter, is based on ratios of the Derivatives orthogonal to the horizontal of the field. The NDR is demonstrated using synthetic and real gravity data from an archaeology site, Tepe-Hissar. Compared with other filters, the NDR filter produces more detailed results as can see that the separation and detection walls and chambers have a high compliance with the results of excavations carried out.

Background: The resistance pattern of uropathogens is increasing very rapidly because of the unsorted, insufficient, and incoherent usage of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and paNDRug-resistant (PDR) uropathogens which were isolated from the urinary tract infection (UTI) cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 2 1167 urine samples were collected from January 2016 to December 2018, followed by using conventional methods, as well as Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for urine culture and susceptibility, respectively. Finally, SPSS software was utilized to analyze the obtained data. Results: From among 2 1167 urine samples, 2469 (11. 66%) cases were bacteriologically positive. In UTI cases, males proportion were higher compared to females (in ≤ 10 and > 60 to ≤ 90 years age groups) and females in the age groups between 10 and 60 and >90 years suffered more than males (P < 0. 05). In addition, 172 (7. 0%), 1337 (54. 2%), and 845 (34. 2%) cases were identified as XDR, single drug-resistance (SDR), and noNDRug-resistance (NDR), respectively. Although the number of female XDR cases was higher than males, the percentages of male cases were higher compared to female cases in this study. The most predominant drugresistance cases (18. 7%) were found in the age group between 21 and 30 years (P < 0. 05). Eventually, the isolates of Escherichia coli were the most prevalent cases that carried XDR (5. 4%) and MDR (39. 7%). Conclusions: In general, it is extremely alarming to increase XDR and MDR uropathogens. This bacterial resistance can be prevented through control measures that limit the spread of resistant bacteria and the regular monitoring of this resistance phenotype of uropathogens, along with the rational use of antimicrobial therapy.