Analyzing administrative documents holds significant importance within the realms of archaeology and sociology, akin to the study of other archaeological evidence. These examinations play a pivotal role in reconstructing various systems, encompassing management, social dynamics, economic structures, and political frameworks. Delving into administrative management within prehistoric societies unveils the intricate social intricacies and the supervision exercised by a designated leader or head over a subordinate group, representing an internal control mechanism. Notably, seals, impressions on seals, and diverse accounting artifacts serve as pivotal administrative documents. However, the exploration and investigation of such cultural data in NORTHWESTern Iran remain relatively scarce. Therefore, the current study endeavors to present, evaluate, and scrutinize the administrative records of Chalcolithic societies in NORTHWESTern Iran, employing a descriptive-analytical approach. Numerous inquiries persist without resolution regarding the administrative records and evidence pertaining to the later prehistory of NORTHWEST Iran. Ambiguity surrounds the quantification of Chalcolithic administrative documents within this region. Furthermore, the methodology for analyzing and evaluating the ownership and managerial evidence from the later prehistoric era in this area remains unclear. Addressing these uncertainties can establish a definitive framework and a solid foundation for investigating these matters in NORTHWEST Iran. Leveraging administrative data obtained from various sites including Tepe Chay Khoy, Chakhmaqluq, Tepe Kulyeri (Tepe Caravanserai), Sohachay Tepe, and others, the authors conduct an assessment of managerial evidence in the NORTHWESTern region of Iran. Furthermore, utilizing extant cultural artifacts and drawing upon the outcomes of prior studies facilitates an exploration into phenomena such as long-distance trade, economic endeavors, social intricacies, and cultural exchanges with neighboring areas

Background: Mycetismus or mushroom poisoning is an important health concern and a potentially fatal state that usually occurs after incidental ingestion of mushroom’s sexual organs or fruiting bodies of fungus among the mycologists and the one who desire a natural or organic diet. The vast majority of mortality due to mushroom poisonings is attributed to fungus belonging to genus Amanita.Materials and methods: This report describes 34 cases with A. phalloides mushroom poisoning regarding the epidemiological presentation, clinical manifestation and laboratory findings. These patients were admitted in three hospitals of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences during 1989-1994.Results: The age of victims ranged from 4-75 years. Diagnosis of A. phalloides mushroom poisoning was confirmed by mycologist in 12 cases, toxicological studies in 5 cases and combined mycological and toxicological approaches in 3 cases. It was only suspected in 14 cases as the patients had died before being admitted or immediately after hospitalization. Ingestion of doubtful mushrooms was found either in their histories or mushrooms poisoning was documented in their relatives. Most of the victims (68%) were affected in spring, while no case was reported in summer. Conclusion: Mushroom poisoning should be considered in differential diagnosis of any case of acute gastroenteritis, especially during spring and fall when moderate temperature and moist conditions facilitate mushroom’s growth.

Notwithstanding its cultural wealth, archaeologists have hitherto given little consideration to Meshkinshahr County of Iran’s Ardabil Province. The region is remarkably rich in graves, as is evident from the various types of graves with simple inhumation, dolmen, rectangular stone-built, and Kurgan. In the spring of 2019, a rare example of Kurgan was investigated near the city of Fakhrabad. Unlike all other graves excavated in NORTHWEST Iran, its structure consisted of a combination of stones and mud bricks. This paper presents the preliminary results from the excavation of this Kurgan. While introducing the Kurgan, an assemblage of small artifacts and its structure were examined, and a relative chronology was then proposed. The Kurgan arguably occupies a special place in archaeology of Iran and South Caucasus given a combination of stones with mud bricks it has in its construction. Such Kurgan type still remains unreported from the region.

Dust storm is a common atmospheric phenomenon in arid and semi-arid. In this study the effective conditions on a dust storm occurrence in the North West of Iran is survived using a combined method of synoptic/remote sensing. To specify the time of dust storm occurrence we survey the ground measurement data in the study area. Then atmospheric reanalysis data were obtained from the NOAA website. Synoptic conditions are survived with mapping this data in GRADS software. Dust phenomenon detected using MODIS/AIRS images in the process of overlay land surface reflectance and dust score. The results show that th existing of high pressure gradient force in the NORTHWEST of Iran with promoting effect of mid troposphere waves (500 hpa) and jet stream activity in high troposphere (300 hpa) route the streams with high speed from the Iraq and Syria to the NORTHWEST of Iran. The remote sensing images Corroborates the route of dust Coincident with wind stream direction.

Background and Purposes: The fungi known as dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic agents responsible for superficial infections in humans and animals. Recognition of the species distribution and epidemiology of dermatophytosis may be helpful in the prevention and improve prophylactic measures. The present molecular epidemiology study sought to investigate the incidence of etiological agents causing dermatophytosis.Materials and Methods: The morphologic methods and polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism using MvaI restriction enzyme were performed to identify dermatophytes isolated from the soil, compost, and clinical samples.Results: Based on findings, 39 (8.1%) clinical specimens and 10 (8.2%) environmental samples were morphologically and molecularly identified as dermatophytes. In the clinical samples, Trichophyton mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex was isolated with the highest incidence rate. The dermatophytes comprise seven species of the four genera, viz., T. interdigitale (currently T. mentagrophytes, n=15, 40.5%), Microsporum canis (n=10, 27%), T. verrucosum (n=5, 13.5%), T. rubrum (n=4, 10.8%), Myriodontium keratinophilum (n=2, 5.4%), and T. benhamiae (n=1, 2.7%). The geophilic identified species included Nannizzia gypsea (n=5), Arthroderma multifidum (n=2), Afanoascus flavisence (n=2), and Nannizzia fulva (n=1).Conclusion: The current study provides a diverse overview of dermatophytes in the NORTHWEST of Iran to improve their surveillance. The present investigation of clinical specimens revealed that Myriodontium keratinophilum, as a species rarely detected with keratolytic properties, emerged as a causative agent of dermatophytosis.   

Almost 12 kilometers to the east of Mahneshan city in Zanjan province, NORTHWEST Iran, there is a collection of hoodoos with an average height of 250 meters nearby Bihistan village that can be seen from great distances. These hoodoos consist of some colossal columns which look like huge mushrooms nicknamed as “Jinni’s Chimney”. Several rock-cut spaces have been uniquely carved inside these sedimentary bedrocks on various levels and the whole site is known as the Qala (stronghold) among the locals. As a result of the occasional lack of documentation for certain phases of its construction and extension, different scholars of Iranian and Islamic architectural history have proposed different theories regarding its historic revolution, some of which seem contradictory. This study aims to determine more precisely the architectural development of this rock-cut site and to study its probable function besides suggesting a relative chronology for the architectural remains.

Problem Scenario: One of the phenomena that has been transformed into a permanent covenant with western provinces for many years is the phenomenon of dust. This phenomenon has involved most western and southern provinces since 1988. Various reasons include human interference in the unreasonable use of surface and underground water resources, degradation of vegetation, soil degradation by agriculture and frequent use of land, along with the exacerbation of some natural factors such as drought and climate change. In this study, for statistical analysis, drought-climatic data on a daily basis for the 20-year statistical period from 1991 to 2020, 19 stations Synoptic NORTHWEST of the country was prepared by the country's meteorological organization. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the climate-related climatic phenomena caused by microstates in the NORTHWEST provinces of the country for different months of the year, along with the identification of their continuity and frequency, as well as the main source of dust entering the study area. Method: The method of work is as follows: First, the frequency of the dusty phenomenon was monthly, seasonally and annually, as tables and charts. . Then data on the number of dust events in different years were specified and entered into ArcGIS software. Results: The results of the survey showed that the magnitude of the damage was not limited to the threat of agricultural land and industrial land, but rather to disrupt the normal life of the people, clearly has become a serious environmental threat and has led to the reaction of public opinion. Recent drought, imposed war, agriculture, damming, water warfare and the policy of transferring water from water-saturated areas to low water areas in Khuzestan and Ilam, where the two regions are the main effects of the micro-organisms.

Background: The economic burden of asthma is a major public health concern. This study estimates the economic burden of asthma in NORTHWEST of Iran. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 in Tabriz (Iran) using the Persian version of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. Direct and indirect costs associated with asthma were estimated based on the societal perspective, prevalence-based approach, and bottom-up method. Annual indirect costs were estimated using the human capital (HC) method. The structural equation model was used to evaluate the relationship between costs, sex, and asthma severity. Results: A total of 621 patients with asthma were enrolled in the study. Significant differences were found between female and male patients for the mean cost of radiology (P=0. 006), laboratory (P=0. 028), and diagnostic (P=0. 017) tests at baseline, and for laboratory (P=0. 012), and diagnostic (P=0. 027) tests at one-year follow-up. The more severe asthma, the more significant the costs for annual physician office visits (P=0. 040) and medications (P=0. 013). As asthma severity increased, significantly higher expenditures were observed in women for days lost from work at baseline (P=0. 009) and one-year follow-up (P=0. 001), and in men for productivity loss at work due to impairment at baseline (P=0. 045). A significant association between indirect costs and the cost of impairment-related lost productivity at work (β, =3. 29, P<0. 001), and between severe asthma and indirect costs (β, =32. 36, P<0. 001) was observed. Conclusion: High costs are incurred by Iranian asthma patients, especially because of impairment-related productivity loss at work associated with asthma exacerbation.