The effects of three media namely: clay soil, mixture of fine sand / palm waste (10:IV/v), and mixture of fine sand /spent mushroom compost (10: I V/V) with three sod Nettings including: plastic mesh, gunny hemp, palm fiber as well as control (without net) on growth rate, root density, amount of chlorophyll, and weight & strength of sod pieces  were investigated in Agricultural Faculty of Tehran university in two years (2001 and 2002). Turf used was of sport types and a mixture of four types of seeds including: Lolium prenne cv. 'Taya' (40%), Poa pratensis cv. 'Wembly' (30%) and cv. 'Sobra' (10%), and Festuca rubra cv. 'Diego' (20%). The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on Complete Randomized Design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Results showed that growth rate, leaf chlorophyll and sod weight, in clay bed, were higher than in sand mixes and at 1% level the difference between them was significant, while root volume, and sod strengthin sand beds were higher than in clay beds. Application of palm fiber Netting increased growth rate, root volume and leaf chlorophyll. Sod supported by plastic Netting exhibited the most strength.

Since lawn cultivation is a laborious process, we need new and quick methods of cultivation such as sod production to revive and repair green spaces. Mean while, the kind of cultures media and the types of cultures net which are used tostreng then the lawn parts (sodding) may infiuence the quality pf the produced sod. This study investigated the effect of four kinds of soil combinations including: clay, (30% compost+70% clay), (30% clay+40% sand+30% compost) and (10% pitmass+90% clay). Also, it aimd to study four types of network such as: plastic guid, metallic guid, plastic bag and guidless. This investigation was dcne without any control network in production. In addition, factorial analysis was used based on 16 random treatments in three replicates within two years (2009, 2010). The lawn seed under investigation was in the form of the one used in sports, fields and it was a mixture of three species and five cultivar. The results displayed that the mean of color charactristics, chlorophylla, total chlorophyll, level of chlorophyll after first winter frost and growth rate were significantly more in the bed cultuer (30% compost+70% clay) than the last of bed cultuer. On the other hand bed cultuer containing hight percentage of clay displayed more uniformity and density of weed. Regarding color, chlorophyllb and level of chlorophyll after first winter frost, the bed cultuer with hight compost were better than the others in the growth rate. The highest rigidity obtained in plastic bag net and the level of weed in this treatment is compairing with others were lower in significant.

Purpose: The flourishing of political parties and currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran and since the formation of the constitutional movement, political currents have gone through many ups and downs and it can be said that political currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization and stability. A characteristic feature of political currents in Iran is the divergence and division among political currents in recent decades, and this can be one of the reasons for the instability and cross-sectional and seasonal activity of political parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors and divergence among political currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? And what are the scenarios for the advancement of political currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer analysis, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview and discourse (from charismatic political authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian political currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the political system, the collapse of political currents in the traditional form, integration and consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

A new group of colored shades called photo-selective Netting shades are being developed, which can the affect the quality and quantity of light received by the plants, and at the same time provide optimal protection for them. Therefore, in order to investigate the use of colored shades (red, green and yellow) on the morphological and physiological characteristics of marigold, violet, croton and aglaonema, two separate experiments were carried out in winter and spring at Lahijan Flower and Ornamental Plants Research Station. The evaluated morphological traits included: plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and physiological traits included chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity and catalase and peroxidase enzymes. The results showed that the yellow shade increased the vegetative power of the plants. The interaction effects of shade and plant species showed that the highest plant height, chlorophyll content and carotenoid content the plant were related to yellow shade and violet treatment. The results showed that the highest amount of anthocyanin, carotenoid and catalase was obtained under the red shade and the highest amount of total chlorophyll was obtained under the red and yellow shades in croton and aglaonema. The results of this research showed that the use of colored shades compared to not using shades created more favorable growth conditions for plants. Also, the yellow and red shades were better for the growth of the tested plants than the green shades and no shade and had a more favorable effect on the growth of the plants.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

Background and Objective: In order to reduce the effects of temperature and high light intensity in hot areas and reduce the percentage of sunburn and increase the quality of pomegranate fruit, the present study was conducted. Materials and Methods: The productivity of pomegranate cv. Malase-e-Saveh was examined under shade nets with two colours (White and Green) and two shade intensities (30 and 50% PAR) with two methods of application (on scaffold and on tree crown) and a control (open field without any treatment). Results: The experimental results clearly showed that photoselective nets influenced photosynthetically active radiation transmitted through the canopy which caused variation in average monthly temperature and humidity. Shading with the net (White 50%) resulted in the significant increase in juice percent, aril weight with higher fruit weight and highest yield as compared to the control condition. Maximum total antocyanin and Vitamin C, were recorded in the fruits grown under white shade net 50% (T3). Maximum TA, TSS and pH were recorded under open field conditions and White 50%. T3 imparted deep red color to peel and arils and increased juice recovery. Conclusion: Present results indicated that installation of T3 reduced sunburn by up to 29%. T3 treatment (50% white) reduces sunburn and increases the quantitative and qualitative yield of fruit, total anthocyanin, total phenolic and vitamin C without changes in TSS, TA and pH, its use in pomegranate orchards to achieve higher yields and It is recommended to produce marketable fruits without any destructive effects on fruit quality.

The scientific explanation is usually defined as finding the cause. For some reasons, this has been a subject of doubt, however, it seems that, both in common sense as well as in philosophical approach, the mainstream still support the very Idea of explanation something as introducing its cause. But cause searching and cause finding are not so easy tasks. This Article is for corroborating the idea according to which the essential tension in scientific research is derived from the practical difficulty of distinguishing a complex Netting of causes, not from the theoretical disfunction of causality. Multiplicity, variety, interaction, and dynamism of causes and factors intervening in a causal process constitute oftentimes a perplexing Netting in which it is difficult, sometimes practically impossible, to distinguish, dissociate, evaluate, and calculate vectors effective on final resultant and explain or predict the output or the effect the process in question has. Not paying enough attention to it leads mistakenly to doubt about causality itself. The problem is pragmatic, not paradigmatic.

Composite pressure tanks have received increased attention across a number of civilian applications due to their lightweight and high strength. Traditionally, the design of composite vessels is based on deterministic analysis. However, the design of these structures is challenging and involves several kinds of uncertainties. In fact, different computational investigations have been carried out but no studies provide a resolution for small failure probability evaluation of composite pressure tanks. The aim of this study is to establish a computational framework to investigate small failure probability levels of composite tanks using the Subset Simulation method (SS). The model was developed in two steps, first, the development of limit state functions for hoop and helical layers using Netting analysis, and afterwards, a probabilistic computation with six random variables. To quantify the effect of the randomness of different parameters on the structural reliability of composite tanks, a sensitivity analysis was performed using different values of coefficients of variation (COV). It was observed from the results that SS has the ability and the accuracy required to evaluate small failure probabilities which are commonly encountered in composite tank applications. In addition, the hoop strength, the internal pressure, and the thickness of the composite are the major design variables that have a great impact on the structural reliability of the axially symmetric composite tank whereas the fiber winding angle has little effect. Moreover, high COV values drastically reduce the safety zone, which could eventually lead to the burst failure of the composite pressure tank. Furthermore, this study implements a reliability-based design from the perspective of hoop and helical composite layer thicknesses, thus providing a rational assessment of the risk of structural failure.