In this paper, a new mechanism is proposed to transform the structural modeling elements of the UML class diagram and Object-Z specifications into each other. A set of bidirectional rules is defined to transform the mentioned elements into each other. Bidirectional transformation of the UML class diagram, as one of the most useful diagrams of UML, and Object-Z specifications into each other prepares the ground for the use of the unique advantages of both formal and visual modeling methods. The feasibility of the proposed approach is evaluated using the multi-lift case study. The results of conducting the multi-lift case study show that the proposed mechanism is feasible.

According to the prevalent beliefs, comitative Object, cognate Object and Object of purpose are not present in the syntactical functions of Persian language. However, there is lack of scientific research on this subject. Not only has it been ignored in grammar books, but also it has not been discussed in the essays and articles. The present study seeks to investigate the above mentioned functions in Persian syntax and to show their Persian equivalents by bringing several instances from Persian texts of prose and poetry. Subsequently, the paper aims to show the differences between these functions in Arabic and Persian. Influenced by Arabic, the article introduces new terminology, which did not formerly exist in Persian language.

Aesthetic Object has always been a challenging theme for philosophers of art. The overall aim of this paper is to revise a very specific phenomenological approach to this theme. It includes a talk about artwork and its relationship with aesthetic Object and ends with a reconsideration of the being of aesthetic Object which is vital for the phenomenology of art.

One of the requisite of validity of a transaction is certainty and determination of transaction’s Object. (accordance to part 3, article 190 civil law).We also see the same rule in Islamic law, that breach of these conditions, would cause risk and loss, and finally validity of contract.This discourse is putting in order in 3 sections as follows:In chapter 1, it will consider, the concept and effects of “determination of Object”. we will see, doubt in offer stage, won’t be impediment to make a sale. In addition, it will consider, doubt in fungible and non-fungible thing, uncertain terms and sanction of uncetainty Object.In chapter 2, that is entitled as “certainty of Object” we will consider the concept, grounds, and domain of certainty.We will see there is difference, between the mistake in nature or quantity or qualification with uncertainty.In addition, it will consider the basis of neccessity of certainty Object and public order and wise base will introduce as basis of necessity of certainty of Object.At last, in this chapter, it will settle to distinction of those contracts, in which the general knowledge is necessary clause.

Object complement construction as one of the most important and challenging categories of grammar has been noticed by linguists and grammarians from past to present. The present study investigates the Object complement construction based on three basic hypotheses: Small Clause Theory, Predication Theory, and Complex Predicate Theory. Most of the linguists and grammarians who have studied Object complement construction in the Persian language have presented a similar view of the Predication theory. The findings of this study revealed that the analysis of the Object complement construction within the framework of Predication Theory is incompatible with the principles of the Government and Binding theory and Minimalist Program, such as the Theta criterion, Projection principle, and Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis (UTAH). The analysis of the mentioned construction based on the complex predicate theory on the one hand ignores the principle of linguistic economy and productivity process by increasing the number of compound verbs in Persian, and on the other hand, it ignores the propositional relationship between the Object complement construction and the preceding noun phrase. In the following, based on small clause theory and arguments such as argument alternation, selection restriction, the ambiguity of the interrogative complex sentences, occurrence in different syntactic contexts, idiom chunk, agreement, paraphrasing, sentence fragment, scrambling, gapping pronominalization,  and the distribution of NP-types as subjects of small clause construction was shown Object complement together with the preceding noun phrase should be considered a single constituent as a small clause.

In this essay, we have a glance on the history of explanation and survey inferential and non- inferential views of the nature of explanation. Then, we divide theories of the Object of explanation into linguistic and non-linguistic. Finally, we deal with the different types of explanation which can be found in Philosophical literature.