Offender surveillance during the imprisonment is a fundamental issue, which has been studied extensively in practical criminology in developed countries. Pitfalls and desperation that the penal systems face with when they are unable to explain indicators, tools and symbols for an effective implementation of these tools to empower the system can be an important issue to be studied. Subsequently, the trial and error methods in countries like England and Wales have brought about some suggestions. This research has opted to introduce and share the experiences gained in this field by presenting the solutions like" Criminal-oriented", "Prison-oriented", and a third option that can be a mixture of both on the basis of the legal capacities in the Iran's penal systems. It has also tried to put forth a perfect model to monitor the Offenders in the process of the imprisonment. CCTV, group therapy, social workers, and implementing the pseudo-family phenomenon in prisons are among these mechanisms whose effectiveness will be presented as the main finding of this research to be practiced during the Offender imprisonment.

Introduction: increasing rate of deaths and losses caused by driving violations has drawn attention of researchers. In this regard, this study was conducted to compare Offenderdrivers with non-Offender drivers in Tehran considering their emotion regulation, stress, aggression and coping strategies. Method: this was a causal-comparative study; statistical population consisted of all drivers in driving restrict 3 of Tehran during 2017 and statistical sample consisted of 100 aggressive drivers that were selected using convenient sampling method. The selected members were similar to 100 non-aggressive drivers in terms of age, education, and job status. Both groups filled out Lazarus and Folkman coping strategies questionnaire (1988), Garnefski’ sEmotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992), and Cohen et al Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (1983). The obtained data were analyzed using MANCOVA and Kolmogorov-Smirnovtests through SPSS20 Software. Results: The results of study showed a significant difference between aggressive and non-aggressive drivers considering variables of emotion regulation, stress, aggression, and coping strategies (P<0. 01). Conclusion: variables stress, aggression, avoidance and avoidance among coping strategies components, rumination and catastrophizing among components of emotion regulation were more among aggressive drivers compared to non-aggressive drivers.

Background and Objectives: Traffic violations and accidents are serious problems of social and public management in most societies. While much research has been done on the etiology and human factors associated with traffic violations and accidents, the role of psychological factors, especially personality and cognitive variables, less attention has been paid. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity to punishment, sensitivity to reward, and driving risk perception in two groups of offending and non-offending drivers. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 80 drivers (42 individuals in the offending group and 38 individuals in the non-offending group) from Iran, bojnord, in 2020 were selected by purposeful and available sampling. Data was collected using the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaires-Revised and Clarified (SPSRQ-RC) and the Driving Hazard Perception Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: There were statistically significant difference in sensitivity to punishment between the two groups of offending and non-offending drivers, and the offending group had less sensitivity to punishment than the nonoffending group (p<0. 05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in sensitivity to reward (p>0. 05). also, results showed that there were significant difference between the two groups in driving risk perception,driving risk perception in offending drivers was less than non-offending drivers (p<0. 05). Conclusion: Lower sensitivity to punishment and driving risk perception is associated with more driving violations. Accordingly, Strategies generating campaigns that focus on negative sanctions that could activate the BIS may be particularly effective in reducing illegal and risky driving behaviors. Also, the driving risk perception can be considered an essential factor in screening drivers for a driver's license.

The daily fine is one of the new alternatives to imprisonment stipulated in the Islamic Penal Code 92, the amount of which is determined by the court according to the severity and importance of the crime on the one hand and the amount of daily income of the Offender on the other. Anticipating daily fines and considering the convicted person's financial situation is a new step towards individualizing punishments. Although this system has been criticized, it is one of the positive aspects of today's criminal policy. However, the more effective and practical implementation of this system depends to a large extent on the actual income of the convicts. For this alternative to work well, the courts must have the right way to measure the income of convicts. On the other hand, due to the increase in the workload of the courts due to the review of the financial situation of the convicts, along with the consideration of the criminal case and the delay of the trial, most judges are not interested in it. Therefore, in order to properly use the capacity of this alternative and make it more efficient, it is necessary for the legislator to provide the judge with a specific mechanism for identifying the income of convicts and to determine the duties of executive bodies that have any knowledge of income and rights of convicts. The need to be obliged to cooperate. However, the research findings indicate that this alternative is applicable first to people who have the minimum income and financial ability to pay a fine. Therefore, for the disabled and without a specific income, another suitable alternative must be determined. Second, if the amount of the fine is determined in proportion to the income of individuals, due to the unfavorable economic situation, most of the convicts can be successful.

Introduction: Road traffic accidents are among the most critical public health issues. Many people die on the roads each day and tens of millions sustain nonfatal injuries. The aim of this study is to describe the high-risk behaviors of motorcyclists in which police had to confiscate their motorcycles.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 240 motorcyclists in Iran from December 2010 to February 2011. A researcher-created questionnaire was used to collect data on self-reported high-risk behaviors, including passing the crossroads without considering the traffic light, refusing to wear a helmet, performing stunts in the street, and driving in the opposite direction. The collected data was descriptively analyzed.Results: The mean age of motorcyclists was 29.3 years (SD=8.26). Twenty-six percent (n=62) of the participants did not have a motorcycle driver’s license. The analysis of risk behaviors showed that 60.8% (n=146) of the motorcycle drivers usually passed crossroads without considering the traffic light and 20.8% (n=50) performed stunts in the street.Conclusions: This study indicates that the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among motorcyclists is significant.Health education interventions may inhibit these behaviors, thus reducing the risk of injuries.

The aim of this study was to compare the spiritual intelligence and self-control in Offender individuals and non-Offender individuals and assess the correlation between these two groups. The statistic population was all gang members in central Isfahan prison and ordinary people residing in Isfahan. 100 gang members and 100 usual non-Offenders were selected as sample using simple random method. both groups matched according to age, marital status, gender and education. The Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (King, 2008) and Self-Control Questionnaire (Tangney, 2004) were applied to collect data. The results of analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference between spiritual intelligence and its components (critical existential thinking, personal meaning production, transcendental awareness, conscious state expansion) and between self-control and its components (controversial self-control, initial self-control) of these two groups (P≤ 0. 01), that is, Offenders had less spiritual intelligence and self-control in relation to non-Offenders. Therefore, significant differences were observed between these two groups(P≤ 0. 05).

Consent is a complicated concept to define. There are three approaches in defining consent: in the first approach, consent is best understood as a subjective phenomenon. In the second approach, consent is defined with an objective criterion and should be expressed with an action. Regarding the third approach, consent has been argued to be a concept with dual interpretive characteristics. Consent of victim is a conventional subject in general part of criminal law. In this context, consent is considered as an excuse or defense. Therefore, consent of victim would invalidate the accusation of rape. Consent of Offender is less discussed in the criminal law. Consent of Offender has various dimensions: consent of Offender to punishment in philosophy of punishment; consent of Offender in criminal procedure and consent to sentencing. This article seeks to explain the consent to sentencing. Consent of Offender to punishment is an exceptional issue because in the modern criminal law, punishment is the imposition of pain and suffering by the state as a response to an offense. In Islamic penal Code (2014) the consent of Offender to sentencing is deemed necessary in three cases. Semidetention, electronic surveillance and community punishments. Respecting the right of autonomy and the human dignity and contractualisation of criminal law are the main reasons in this regard.

Background: Lawyers know the growth as a qualitative right that the owner can recognize the benefit or harm in civil development and good and evil in regard to criminal growth. According to Article 91 of the new Islamic criminal law, the court can inquire the recognition of the maturity and wisdom from legal medicine organization. Finding specific criteria to assess the full development of rational juvenile growth in order to determine criminal responsibility for financial management ability is essential. Evaluation of emotional intelligence, intellectual intelligence and emotional intelligence indices can be useful as diagnostic criteria in approving intellectual growth.Methods: In a prospective study, all Offender and non-Offender individuals under 18 years old referred to Legal Medicine Organization of Fars province in order to get growth certificate from April 2015 to the end of September 2015 were included in this study. For all of them, intelligence quotient, emotional intelligence and, excitement control index were investigated. The intelligence quotient, emotional intelligence and, excitement control criterion were determined using standard psychological tests and were compared between the two groups of Offenders and non-Offenders.Findings: A total of 71 individuals £ 18 years, including 27 boys and 44 girls with an average age of 15.9 ± 1.5 referred to the Fars Legal medicine Organization were evaluated during the first 6 months of 1394 Gulf. Of these, 9 patients (12.6 %) were male and Offenders the rest had no history of crime. Average score of intelligence on Offender group was of 75.62±7.96 and for non-Offenders group was 110.09±13.87 that there was a significant difference in this respect between the two groups (P=0.000). Average score of emotional intelligence for Offender group was 102.87±14.01 and for non-Offenders group it was obtained 127.40 ± 17.35, which Offenders’ score was significantly lower than non-Offenders’ score (P=0.000). The average scores of emotion regulation index of Offender group obtained the 38.50±9.87 score and for non-Offenders group it was 51.80±8.13; obtained score of non-Offender group was significantly higher than the Offenders (P=0.006).Conclusion: As a result, the intelligence quotient, emotional intelligence and excitation regulation index in nonOffenders was more than of Offenders. Considering significant difference of intelligence quotient, emotional intelligence and excitation regulation index between the two groups, it seems that these three factors have a significant impact on an individual’s deal with stress and mental conditions, psychological impulse control. Finally, the Offender of aggression had. Low total cost of the three indices, however, can amount to a lack of intellectual growth Offender is under 18, but the high level of these components in non-criminal cannot approve the applicant’s sentence and ability to run the intellectual growth of finance in the necessarily endorsing individuals.

In the field of criminal sciences individualization can be observed as a multi-layered process comprising distinct stages. The first stage involves legal individualization, wherein legislators prescribe punishments proportionate to crime severity. But, due to the generic and impersonal nature of laws, the personal characteristics of Offenders receive limited consideration. The subsequent stage entails judicial individualization, wherein the judge through examination of the defendant's personality traits, psychological profile, and social circumstances seeks to impose a sentence tailored to their individual conditions Furthermore, individualization remains vital during punishment execution—particularly in systems where sentence enforcement retains judicial oversight. At this stage, adjustments to the execution modality may be made based on the prisoner’s evolving circumstances. Beyond these tiers, rehabilitative individualization takes effect, aiming to reform and reintegrate Offenders while preventing recidivism. This process requires the design of person-centered rehabilitation programs based on existing correctional models, ensuring each individual receives tailored educational, therapeutic, and vocational training—adapted to their specific needs and circumstances—to facilitate their reintegration into society. The Cognitive-Behavioral Model facilitates Offender rehabilitation by targeting cognitive and behavioral patterns to induce intrinsic change The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model identifies and addresses individual-specific needs to mitigate recidivism risks. The Good Lives Model (GLM)—emphasizing creating opportunities for healthy, purpose-driven living helps Offenders redirect their paths from criminal behavior toward personal growth and rehabilitation. Integrated implementation of these three models could significantly enhance personal rehabilitation of Offenders, reduce recidivism rates, and facilitate successful societal reintegration.