Risk is an inevitable part of life, every day people are somehow at risk. Different risks in various forms and perspectives have different functions. Kurdistan province, with various heights and relatively good rainfall, It results the country's cold spots. Since most of seasonal rainfall occurs in winter, Snow cover is often the domain and passes it hillsides…..

Nowadays, the gradual destruction of identifiable elements and structure of urban historical-deteriorated texture as well as functional inefficiency, dysfunction and cultural- social problem have become major challenges in planning and management of cities. Arg street, which is located in downtown Mashhad, have several problems that people are not interested in using this urban texture such as rise of architectural and urban models which are different from the calture and history of the street, gradual destruction of identifiable elements s, lack of facilities, formation of places without considering current history and calture as well as Islamic Persian identity. The aim of this essay is to investigate the role of physical elements of identity in revitalization of Arg street urban historical-deteriorated texture. Development-Application methods with Analysis–Descriptive frameworks as well as interview, questionnaire and library studies are used in this article in order to data collection. Sample size of 100 person specified based on Cochran's formula, following which Information processing is performed through Crosstab (Phi and Cramer's V) analysis. According to the studies, some correlations exist between physical identifiable elements of Arg street and it’s samples with other criterias like Place of birth (with a correlation coefficient of 0.013), Duration of residence or work (with a correlation coefficient of 0.008), Colour (with a correlation coefficient of 0.011), Building height (with a correlation coefficient of 0.005), Building façade (with a correlation coefficient of 0.0001), Passway (with a correlation coefficient of 0.016), Lighting at night (with a correlation coefficient of 0.031) and Green Space (with a correlation coefficient of 0.029). The results show that design or quality improvement of the mentioned physical factors in Arg street can prepare the situation for recreating identity, memory and history of Arg street as well as fulfiling new needs of citizens and revitalization according to past and current situation.

Objective and Background: The growth and expansion of early residential nuclei have led to the formation of heterogeneous neighborhoods consisting of context with a minimum standard of construction for low-income residents and a new quality context with more affluent residents. As a result, they have residents with different socioeconomic and even cultural backgrounds living together over time. The formation of these complexes in different parts of Tehran has caused social, psychological, and physical problems in the residential environment, ultimately affecting the residents’ quality of life. On the other hand, in recent decades, “ diversity” has found a special place in urban planning. Some views suggest that diversity is an essential component of equitable urban development. Variety can take many forms (racial, income, physical, functional, etc. ). There are at least a few heterogeneous neighborhoods in each city. Variety in residential neighborhoods, which are heterogeneous in terms of socioeconomic class, can lead to different judgments between different groups. In heterogeneous neighborhoods, the external perception of the adjacent residential environment leads to misjudgments, which may lead to interaction or, conversely, to separate groups from each other. Thus, creating a healthy environment in a heterogeneous context has become a significant and serious issue. According to numerous studies in the field of heterogeneous neighborhoods, external judgments are based on objective and subjective factors of texture. So far, the identification and prioritization factors of housing and residential environment quality during the perception and judgment of outsiders in such neighborhoods have not been addressed. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors influencing the external judgment of an adjacent neighborhood and the effect of the socio-economic class of individuals on the prioritization of these perceived factors in a heterogeneous context. According to the mentioned issue, this research aims to identify and prioritize the physical and social factors of the heterogeneous neighborhood by the perception of the residents. Methods: This study uses an applied research design. This article uses a survey method to measure the social and physical factors influencing the judgment of outsiders about their adjacent neighborhoods. The study area is Hassanabad-Zargandeh neighborhood, where two old and new contexts are located next to each other, providing accommodation for different classes of people. In this community, two groups of 250 people with different socio-economic class were selected in a poorly developed civilian and non-randomly affluent texture. 500 questionnaires were distributed among the study population to extract the funds and characteristics of housing quality and the residential environment from documentary and library studies and in the survey. Then, using the factor analysis method and the help of SPSS 24 software, the factors affecting external judgment in a heterogeneous context were discovered and prioritized. With this analysis, the views of different groups of residents and their evaluation methods on the objective and subjective characteristics of the neighborhood were obtained. Findings: According to the research findings, the residents’ priorities in their judgments are different from the housing and residential environment of the adjacent neighborhood. Accordingly, when perceiving and judging the adjacent housing and residential environment, the higher socio-economic status group pays attention to the factors of passway, open and private green space, facade, combination of uses, security, material, and details. The lower socio-economic status group pays attention to the security, faç ade, perceptual density, spatial quality, passway, access to facilities, and socio-cultural factor in their judgments. Conclusion: In the perception of a complex, higher socio-economic status group prioritizes physical factors over non-physical ones and pays more attention to them. It can be said that objective factors are more important for this group than subjective factors. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the diversity, architecture, and physical housing of the lower socio-economic status group to reduce the negative judgment of the affluent residents. Because in heterogeneous neighborhoods, paying attention to the attitude and tendency of the upper class to coexist with the lower class is more decisive. According to the visual and social disruptions, the different social classes, the place of residence, and ignoring how housing factors and residential environment are valued can cause negative labeling between a group (especially the affluent group to the lower class group), leading to tension and disintegration of a heterogeneous society. It is necessary to pay attention to these perceptual priorities in the planning and policymaking of heterogeneous urban contexts in order to make the coexistence of groups possible.

Nog-Abad district, located at the end of the bazaar, is one of the historic Nains's seven neighborhoods, which has a valuable historical heritage. Following the lack of provision of contemporary inhabitants' needs on the scale of the district and construction units in the historical context, migration began, followed by the displacement of the population, the replacement of non-indigenous peoples, the abandonment of some units, the beginning of exhaustion, and its gradual escalation. The sabats of this district, built on the main roads, are considered as architectural elements of urban spaces. Following this general process, sabats are also damaged and in most cases, they don’ t have their previous role. The underlying surface of sabat was related to public space of passway and the ownership of the high space of the passageway is both public and private. The present study uses descriptive-analytic research methodology based on library studies and field observations and the process of forming the article is by creating a logical order in the available scattered content using the rational reasoning strategy. The purpose of the research is to use a qualitative approach to identify the sequence of activities in order to develop restoration plans of the architectural structures, which can be presented as a case study in the framework of an analytical-methodological framework in the district of Nogabad of Nain Historical Context. In the end, the results of the research showed that considering the nature and function of the sabats in order to provide their proposed restoration instructions, it is necessary to determine their position in the revitalization plan of the district. Accordingly, studying and evaluating historical plans, recognizing and analyzing the district by SWOT matrix, formulating goals and strategies in the four components (physical, functional, social, economic), are considered as the priorities of revitalization plan of district before determining interfering areas. Three-dimensional interventions have been identified and segregated based on the homogeneity of existing uses, latent potential, and complete recognition of the neighborhood. Etminan and Bagherian sabats and two Khajeh mosque sabats in intervention area 1 are aimed at becoming a touristservice complex. Two Fatemi and Amini sabats are located in intervention area 2. This area is defined with the aim of becoming a decent residential complex with urban vitality based on the residents' needs.