The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of PRAVASTATIN on Adriamycin (ADR) -induced nephropathy and the mechanisms involved. Forty rats were divided into the following 4 groups: control, ADR (15 mg.kg-1, IP), ADR plus PRAVASTATIN (20 mg.kg-1 which was started 5 days prior to ADR injection), and ADR plus PRAVASTATIN (20 mg.kg-1 which was started 5 days after ADR injection). On day 20 after ADR injection, the animals were sacrificed. The results showed that administration of PRAVASTATIN decreased the levels of 24-h urinary protein (24-h UP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (p<0.05) which had increased after the injection of ADR; in addition, PRAVASTATIN reversed structural changes seen in ADR group. Furthermore, PRAVASTATIN elevated mRNA and protein expression of nephrin (p<0.05) which had been reduced in ADR group. We conclude that PRAVASTATIN protects and treats renal injury induced by ADR.

Transdermal patches loaded with PRAVASTATIN was previously characterized in another published study by Serrano-Castañ eda et al; 2015. These transdermal patches (TP) were generated by the plate casting technique, the in-vitro percutaneous absorption studies of TP were evaluated for three different formulations with different quantities of Pluronic F-127 (PF-127): i) without PF-127 (TP W), ii) 1% of PF-127 (TP 1%), and iii) 3% of PF-127 (TP 3%) using solid microneedles as a penetration enhancer with two different lengths: i) 0. 25 mm and ii) 2. 25 mm and iii) in-vitro permeation studies by passive diffusion. The fluxes (F), time lag (tLag) and permeability constants (Kp) for each formulation were: TP W (F: 38. 5μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 18. 97h and Kp: 5. 9x10-3 cm/h), TP W with microneedles of 0. 25 mm (F: 103. 3 μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 20. 76 h and Kp: 0. 0158 cm/h), TP W and microneedles of 2. 25 mm (F: 105. 2μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 21. 16 h and Kp: 0. 0159cm/h), TP 1% (F: 90 μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 19. 48 h and Kp: 0. 0137 cm/h), TP 1% with microneedles of 0. 25 mm (F: 111. 4μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 19. 11h and Kp: 0. 017cm/h), and TP 1% with microneedles of 2. 25 mm (F: 115. 2μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 16. 73h and Kp: 0. 017cm/h), TP 3% (F: 40. 9μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 20. 45h and Kp: 0. 0062 cm/h), TP 3% with microneedles of 0. 25 mm (F: 67. 1 μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 21. 79h and Kp: 0. 0102cm/h) and TP 3% with microneedles of 2. 25 (F: 70. 5 μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 20. 44h and Kp: 0. 0107cm/h). Results show that the formulation of TP affects the PRAVASTATINa flux and Kp parameters, however the length of microneedles only has important effect on tLag.