The scientific modeling of cellular growth and proliferation can significantly help to physicians to offer an appropriate treatment. In this paper the modeling of the body's immune system function for a patient with melanoma cancer has been studied. The main advantage of this model is considering more variables to describe the dynamics of the melanoma patient’ s body, which will make our model more realistic. For estimating the coefficients of the mathematical model, a multiobjective optimization method, "Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm", is used. One of the major advantages of such method is considering multiple objectives and simultaneously constraining them. Simulation results reveal that our mathematical model can successfully simulate the function of the body defense system of the melanoma patient. In order to analyze the sensitivity and determine the correlation of the mathematical model output to changing in some parameters, Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient (PRCC) method is employed. Finally, it is demonstrated that Interleukin-2 (IL-2) generation rate change has the highest PRCC value and changing this parameter will have a high impact on the model outputs.

Background: The histopathological differentiation of renal neoplasms can be challenging via imaging. Objectives: To evaluate differences in histogram parameters on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps and to investigate the efficacy of histogram analysis in differentiation of oncocytomas from malignant renal neoplasm (MRN) subgroups. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional, retrospective study, the texture parameters of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images (DW-MRI) were evaluated in 65 patients with renal tumors (nine cases of oncocytoma and 59 cases of MRN) for a histological analysis. Results: A total of 68 lesions from 50 male and 15 female patients, with a median age of 55. 4 years, were examined in this study. There were significant differences in the mean, median, and peak ADC values, as well as ADC percentiles, between the oncocytoma andMRNsubgroups. Regarding the histopathological features of the lesions, 9 (11. 5%) cases of oncocytomas, 23 (29. 5%) cases of clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC), 14 (17. 9%) cases of papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC), 12 (15. 4%) cases of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC), and 10 (12. 8%) other tumors (including four cases of transitional cell carcinoma, four cases of non-Hodgkin’, s lymphoma, and two cases of primitive neuroectodermal tumor) were identified. Significant differences were found in the mean and median ADC values between the oncocytoma, pRCC, chRCC, and other MRN subgroups. Moreover, significant differences were found in the mean and median ADC values between the ccRCC, pRCC, and chRCC subgroups. There were also significant differences in the percentiles of mean and median ADCs between oncocytomas and pRCC, chRCC, and other MRN subgroups. However, there werenosignificant differences in themeanandmedianADCs(including the percentile histogram analysis) or the peakADCbetween the oncocytoma and ccRCC groups. The mean, median, and percentile of ADC for renal masses were superior to kurtosis, skewness, and entropy. Conclusion: Although differentiation between ccRCC and oncocytoma was not possible by only measuring the mean, median, and peak ADC values, the histogram analysis of ADCs may improve differentiation between the MRN subgroups. Clearly, ADC cannot be used to differentiate between oncocytomas and MRNs

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the kidney. This tumor originates from the epithelial cells of the renal tubules and is located mainly in the cortical region of the kidney. It constitutes approximately 90% of all kidney malignancies and 2% of all cancers in adults. Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of RCC and its histological subtypes in samples sent to the Pathology Department of Kabul University of Medical Sciences and City Laboratory. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 81 nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy samples registered in the laboratory of the Pathology Department of Kabul University of Medical Sciences and City Medical laboratory database from March 2016 to August 2020. Results: A total of 81 samples were included in this study. The mean and standard deviation (SD) age of the patients was 44. 4  20. 5. Of 81 samples, 62 (76. 6%) were malignant kidney tumors, 13 (16. 0%) were inflammatory kidney disease, 4 (4. 9%) were polycystic kidney disease, and 2 (2. 5%) were benign kidney tumors. Among 62 cases of malignant kidney tumor, 53 (85. 48%) were RCC. The high incidence of RCC was in the age group of 56 to 65 years with a mean of 52. 2 years; 56. 60% of RCC cases were male and 43. 39% were female. Based on the histological studies, 75. 47% were clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) type, followed by 18. 86% papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), and 6% chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC). Conclusions: Most common malignant tumor of the kidney in the samples included in this study was RCC in the age group of 56 to 65 years and it was more frequent among men compared to women, whereas the most common histological subtype was ccRCC. The findings are in concordance with international literature.