During the two last decades, the managerial techniques of irrigation such as partial root zone drying (PRD) have been improved on some plants. In this research, the effect of partial root zone drying on water use efficiency in rapeseed was studied in a field study. This research was conducted as factorial experiment in complete randomized blocks design with four replications. The experiment consisted of two factors including irrigation in three levels (that were full irrigation, alternative furrow irrigation and fixed furrow irrigation) and three mulch levels that were without mulch, using mulch in row and between rows and using mulch only between rows. The results showed that water use efficiency had significant differences in irrigation treatments. Water use efficiency in alternative furrow irrigation increased by 1.70 and 9.61% compared to control irrigation treatment and fix furrow irrigation, respectively. Also, the effect of different levels of mulch application on water use efficiency had significant effects and the highest water use efficiency and grain yiled in rapeseed were obtained alternative furrow irrigation treatment with mulch application between and in rows and is recommended in similar climatic conditions.

The world is facing a dwindling supply of water, therefore deficit irrigation is becoming more of a necessity than a choice. Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a new water saving irrigation technique where at each irrigation time only one part of the rootzone is watered. The un-irrigated part is watered during the next irrigation. We explored the potential of PRD for `Petopride´ processing tomato. There were two treatments: control (C, normal irrigation) and PRD. We collected data on water relations of vegetative and reproductive organs. PRD saved water by 50% and increased water use efficiency of the plant compared to C. Leaf water potential was more negative under PRD compared to C. Irrigated and non-irrigated roots of PRD had similar water potential and this could have happened by water movement between the two sides of root system. Water potential of fruit was lower in PRD than in C.But pressure potential (turgor potential) was similar between PRD and C fruit. This was indicative of osmotic adjustment (osmoregulation) in PRD fruit. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of osmotic adjustment of fruit under PRD treatment.

Backgrounds and Objectives: There is a considerable notice in the use of noise barriers in recent years. Noise barriers as a control noise solution can increase the insertion loss to protect receivers. This paper presents the results of an investigation about the acoustic efficiency of primitive root sequence diffuser (PRD) on environmental single T-shape barrier.Materials and Methods: A 2D boundary element method (BEM) is used to predict the insertion loss of the tested barriers. The results of rigid and with quadratic residue diffuser (QRD) coverage are also predicted for comparison.Results: It is found that decreasing the design frequency of PRD shifts the frequency effects towards lower frequencies, and therefore the overall A-weighted insertion loss is improved. It is also found that using wire mesh with reasonably efficient resistivity on the top surface of PRD improves the efficiency of the reactive barriers; however utilizing wire meshes with flow resistivity higher than specific acoustic impedance of air on the PRD top of a diffuser barrier significantly reduces the performance of the barrier within the frequency bandwidth of the diffuser. The performance of PRD covered T-shape barrier at 200 Hz was found to be higher than that of its equivalent QRD barriers in both the far field and areas close to the ground. The amount of improvement compared made by PRD barrier compared with its equivalent rigid barrier at far field is about 2 to 3 dB, while this improvement relative to barrier model .QR4. can reach up to 4- 6 dB.Conclusion: Employing PRD on the top surface of T-shape barrier is found to improve the performance of barriers compared with using rigid and QRD coverage at the examined receiver locations.

Climate change and ever-increasing water consumption, along with water scarcity, reduces crop production. Thus, such efficient water management, as deficit irrigation as well as shading could be the answer to some of these shortcomings. In deficit irrigation practice with Partial Root zone Drying (PRD), half of the root zone is irrigated and the other half is left dry. This experiment was conducted involving five treatments of (1) full irrigation, in which trees received 100 percent water content of soil field capacity (FC), 2) two PRD treatments, namely receiving 50 (PRD50) and 75% (PRD75) of FI, and 3) two PRD treatments, as above treated by shading nets (SHPRD50 and SHPRD75). Tukey's test was employed to compare the treatment’ s means of stomatal conductance (gs), leaf relative water content (rwc), stem water potential (Ψ st), and leaf temperature (Tl). Moreover, Regression analysis was carried out among the above factors and leaf vs air vapor pressure difference. The results show that gs and rwc were higher in FI, PRD75 and SHPRD75 relative to the stressed treatments of PRD50 and SHPRD50. The same trend was registered for Ψ st, the lowest values being achieved by treatments receiving 50% FI. Leaf temperatures in some measurement intervals were significantly higher in stressed treatments of PRD50 and SHPRD50. Water deficiency significantly reduced yield in stressed treatments of PRD50, while in reverse, it increased fruit soluble solids in PRD50 and PRD75. Shading on PRD treatments increased fruit size and yield, although this improvement was significant only for fruit diameter in SHPRD75 in comparison with PRD50.

Today, drought stress is one of the limiting factors for the development of green space. One of the solutions to reduce the effects of drought stress for plants is foliar spraying with potassium silicate. In order to investigate the reduction of the adverse effects of low irrigation with the application of potassium silicate on ligustrum vulgare L. in the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in 4 replications in 1400-1401. Experiment in the form of pot cultivation in 3 levels of low irrigation (control (100% crop capacity), 50% crop capacity (SDI), 50% crop capacity with PRD technique and 3 levels of foliar spraying with potassium silicate (0, 2 and 4%) It was done in 4 repetitions. According to the results, the highest plant height related to the treatment of no drought stress and foliar spraying with 4% potassium silicate (68.5 cm) and the lowest plant height in the drought stress of 50 PRD and without foliar spraying (29 cm) ) was the highest antioxidant activity in the treatments of drought stress 50% + potassium silicate 2% foliar spraying (67%), also in PRD 50 and without potassium silicate foliar spraying (69%) and in potassium silicate foliar spraying 4% (72%) . total phenol was the highest in PRD 50 and 4% potassium silicate foliar treatments (11.16 mg/gfw). Total carbohydrates in 50% drought stress and 4% potassium silicate foliar treatments (0.93 mg/g fw) in plants and proline in treatments of drought stress PRD 50 and without foliar spraying of potassium silicate (4.06 mg/g fw) was higher than other treatments. The results showed that drought stress with 50% FC + PRD technique compared to drought stress with 50% Crop capacity has disturbed the optimal growth of the plant, but in combination with potassium silicate foliar application, the growth and survival of the plant improved. Based on the results of this experiment, in the irrigation treatment with 50% crop capacity, the condition of the plant improved with potassium silicate foliar application.

Freshwater crisis and soil salinity are the most important factors that limiting agriculture in arid areas. In these conditions, cultivation of medicinal plants with considering environmental aspects can be an intelligence strategy for these areas. For this purpose, a field experiment with four treatments and three replications was conducted in randomized complete blocks design in Zahak city during 2016-2017. The treatments were consisted of full irrigation with fresh water (F. FI), partial root zone drying with fresh water (F. PRD), partial root zone drying with saline water (S. PRD) and partial root zone drying with saline and fresh water (SF. PRD). The highest values of plant height (46. 1 cm), number of umbel per plant (42), number of branches per plant (10), 1000-seed weight (0. 86 gr) and seed yield (293 kg ha-1) were observed in F. FI. There were non-significant differences between F. PRD, FI and SF. PRD in most traits. Results illustrated that application of PRD with alternate fresh and saline water was the best option for decreasing fresh water usage in arid climate of Sistan region.

Purpose: Water irrigation regimes strongly influence the agrophysiological parameters in pistachio. This study aims to investigate the impact of the partial root drying on the yield, vegetative growth, physiological parameters, water status and biochemical traits of the pistachio cv. Mateur budded on P. atlantica rootstocks during the growing season (2021). Research Method: The agro-physiological responses of the pistachio trees located in the experimental orchard of the Regional Center of Agriculture Research (CRRA, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia), were studied. Three water treatments were applied; T0: 100% Partial root drying (PRD) during all the season, T1; 75% PRD during all the season and T2; 50% PRD during all the growing season. The leaf gas exchange parameters were determined using a portable photosynthesis system (CI-340 handheld photosynthesis system, USA). Findings: Results showed the stomatal conductance (gS) of pistachio leaves ranged from 320 to 760 mmol H2O m-2s-1 in the 100% PRD treatment whereas the water regimes 75% PRD and 50% PRD presented a clear decrease in this parameter. The proline and the soluble sugar content reached its maximum value (2.10 μmol g−1 FW and 275.60 μg g−1 FW, respectively) under the 50 % PRD treatment during the month of August. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: The 75% PRD treatment was the most efficient as it did not show significant differences with the 100% PRD treatment while 25% of the irrigation water was saved. The partial root drying strategy can be used in pistachio orchards under semi-arid conditions.

Reduction in rainfall and shortage of water resources has caused major damages to agricultural sector. Therefore, it is necessary to employ new methods in order to optimize use of water resources. In this research, the effect of irrigation method of PRD on tomato growth was compared with the conventional irrigation method. The results showed an increase in water use efficiency and total soluble solid of tomato fruits in the PRD treatment while color intensity, number and dry and fresh weight of fruit and severity of blossom-end rot remained unchanged. The PRD treatment reduced dry and fresh weight of shoot and fruit by 8 and 10 %, respectively. About 7.8 and 2.6% of fruits with blossom-end rot were in the PRD and control treatments, respectively. Despite significant reduction in dry and fresh weight of shoot and fruit, harvest index, potential water of leaves and fruit water content, due to 50% reduction in the used water, using PRD is a cost-effective method. Mechanization and scheduled harvest time in PRD method accounts for higher red fruit production and ripening rate.