Implementation of electronic prescribing system can overcome many problems of the paper prescribing system, and provide numerous opportunities of more effective and advantageous prescribing. Successful implementation of such a system requires complete and deep understanding of work content, human force, and workflow of paper prescribing. The current study was designed in order to model the current business process of outpatient prescribing in Iran and clarify different actions during this process. In order to describe the prescribing process and the system features in Iran, the methodology of business process modeling and analysis was used in the present study. The results of the process documentation were analyzed using a conceptual model of workflow elements and the technique of modeling "As-Is" business processes. Analysis of the current (as-is) prescribing process demonstrated that Iran stood at the first levels of sophistication in graduated levels of electronic prescribing, namely electronic prescription reference, and that there were problematic areas including bottlenecks, redundant and duplicated work, concentration of decision nodes, and communicative weaknesses among stakeholders of the process. Using information technology in some activities of medication prescription in Iran has not eliminated the dependence of the stakeholders on paper-based documents and prescriptions. Therefore, it is necessary to implement proper system programming in order to support change management and solve the problems in the existing prescribing process. To this end, a suitable basis should be provided for reorganization and improvement of the prescribing process for the future electronic systems.

Introduction: The role which nurses are playing in medication management is seriously changing over time. Nurses are authorized to prescribe medications in an ever-increasing number of countries. The main objective of the present review study is to introduce nurse prescribing as well as different types of prescriptions and their corresponding advantages, disadvantages, and barriers in the leading countries of nursing. Methods: The present study was performed by searching over the articles in information databases such as “ PubMed” , “ Google Scholar” , “ Embase” , “ Proquest” , “ Ovid” , “ Web of Science” and “ Science Direct” using the English keywords such as “ independent prescribing” , “ supplementary nurse prescribing” and “ prescribing” . As a result, 250 relevant papers were collected, out of which 38 ones were used in the present study. Results: The results of searching the sources and articles related to nurse prescribing were presented as the definition of nurse prescribing as well as different types of prescribing and their advantages and obstacles in the leading countries in nurse medication prescribing. Conclusions: Although there are many advantages for nurse prescribing such as cost-effectiveness of this method, the official prescribing by nurses is not authorized in many Asian countries such as Iran. Considering the positive role of nurse prescribing in the nursing professional improvement and the patient's satisfaction, it is also hoped to be applied in all countries.

Background & Aim: Nurse prescribing is one of the important issues which has been paid attention recently. For correct implementation in Iran, we must first assess the benefits of that in developed countries. The aim of this study was to explore the benefits of nurses prescribing worldwide which has been recorded in different countries.Materials & Methods: This study is an integrated review. Elsevier, PubMed and Google Scholar Databases were searched by keyword of nurse prescribing. Of the 125 824 eligible articles, 28 articles were selected. Finally, the data were classified, summarized and, analyzedResults: Selected articles were established in 4 host countries. Nurse prescribing benefits in three areas of benefit to the patient, to the nurse, and to the organization were classified.Conclusion: Nurses prescribing is acceptable, and it requires some conditions, In case of satisfying these conditions, it can be associated with the valuable benefits.

Introduction: In the United States, nurse practitioners with master's and doctoral degrees diagnose and treat the health problems of various population groups in a manner similar to physicians due to physician shortages in rural areas. This study aims to review the various aspects of nurse prescribing in the United States as a model for policymaking and the development of this role in Iran. Methods: By scoping review (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005), in the Google Scholar search engine and the PUBMED database, with inclusion criteria such as English language articles and documents related to various aspects of nurse prescribing in USA were sought between 2010 and 2022. Also rules and regulations, guidelines and websites of the American universities searched for the Google search engine. Qualitative Elo and Kyngäs (2008) was used to analyze the data. The Prisma-Scr checklist was used to report the results. Results: 16 articles, four websites, five guidelines, and four nursing associations were included. Six main emerged categories including the development of the advanced practice nurse role and barriers, competencies and characteristics, roles and activities, scope of practice, education, prescribing regulations along with 21 general categories. Conclusion: In the United States, a postgraduate advanced nurse with special nurse prescribing training, has a legal authorization to prescribe.  Increasing patient and nurse satisfaction, providing accessible and low-cost care, especially in low-income areas, is the consequences of these nurses' practice. Physician opposition to expanding the nurse prescribing role, the need for collaboration and physician supervision, and reimbursement policy regulations are challenges to their performance. Drawing on a review of nurse prescribing in leading countries, it is possible to derive a model to inform the policy development of nurse prescribing in Iran.

Mental disorders are Present in a large percentage of the older adults and psychotherapeutic medications are most commonly used to manage behavioral problems. Elderly leads to multiple chronic diseases, disability, declining function and frailty that affecting it. Chronologic age is only one determinant of the changes pertinent to drug therapy that occur in older people. Drug usage patterns also change as a result of the increasing incidence of diseases with age and tendency to prescribe heavily for patients in hospitals and old folks' homes. General changes in the lives of older people have significant effect on the way of the medications is used too. This article discusses about drug metabolism (with specific consideration on the psychotropic drugs), psychotropic drugs consumption and prescription in elderly with psychiatric disorders which use to various articles

Medication Errors (MEs) as one of the most important medical errors in hospitals are common, expensive, and sometimes harmful to patients. Several strategies, such as Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) and wristband barcoding are used for decreasing MEs. The role of new technologies is emphasized in the policies and planning in the health system in Iran. Worldwide, CPOE is a new technology to improve patients' care and safety, increase patients' satisfaction and user productivity, decrease MEs and costs in hospitals. This system appears as an effective tool in reducing MEs. Elimination of eligibility errors, ensuring completeness in prescribing fields, and reduction in transcription errors are other benefits of CPOE system. CPOE has been implemented in Namazi Teaching Hospital and had impressive impact on the reduction of MEs. The use of this system is changing to a policy in hospitals in Iran and it is emphasized in the vision of Iran for 1404.