Since the existence and development of Self-grown residential areas in the suburb of Tehran has caused many problems it Seems in dispensible to study the causes of their development. In this paper the causes of the development of pakdasht, as an example, are reviewed. Briefly explaining, the area, The auther talks about the population, social and economical situation there. He then discuses the factors contributed to the emerging and developing this area, including the population growth, economical problems, and employment. The study concludes factors such as cheap land, and rent for houses, and the presence of small industrial units in the region have had a great impact on the development of Pakdasht. Finally the reasons for migration of people and social growth in the area are discussed.

The general aim of the current research was to typify political tendencies and social factors affecting them in the women of Pakdasht city. The current research is a descriptive research of the correlation type and based on structural equation modeling, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered a part of applied research. The data of this research was collected in the field and using a questionnaire. In this research, the statistical population included all the women of Pakdasht city, which was about 171,591 people, of which 384 people were selected as a statistical sample. In this research, multi-stage cluster sampling was used for sampling. In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure women's political tendencies. Partial least squares productivity structural equation modeling was used for data analysis.The results showed that political socialization, religiosity and political culture have a positive and significant effect on the political tendencies of Pakdasht women.While personality authoritarianism and tendency towards the reference group do not have a significant effect on the political tendencies of Pakdasht women

The nitrogen demand during growing period is variable for plant, but most farmers use large amount of nitrogen without the knowledge of the proper time in order to achieve maximum product. This pattern of fertilizer consumption causes environmental pollution. The optimum demand of nitrogen during growing period could be determined by the critical nitrogen equation. The main objective of this study was to determine the coefficients of the critical nitrogen equation for maize in Pakdasht. Comparing these coefficients with suggested coefficients in France and China was the second objective of this research. The maize (single cross 704) for a season was planted on the farm of Aburaihan campus. The aboveground biomass (W) and its critical nitrogen concentration (Nc) were measured in six different times, from 26 days after planting to the harvesting time. The coefficients of critical nitrogen equation were determined using theory of critical nitrogen dilution curve. Finally, the equation of Nc = 2. 9 W-0. 27 as nitrogen critical dilution curve was proposed for maize in the Pakdasht. The results showed that the nitrogen status was mispredicted in 21% and 14% of measured data point, by France and China equations respectively while this erorr was only 9% by using the equation provided in this study. The main reasons for these errors are differences in climate and prevalent varieties of maize in different areas.

Nowadays, with the development of the modern world and population growth, urban sprawl, and the formation of new towns and peripheral, less attention has been paid to the issue of identity, the sense of place, and city residents or they have been completely forgotten.One of the issues that threatens identity is the Globalization and Global Village, which eliminated all traditional boundaries and led eventually to the point where a person can be awarded anywhere; While in situation as such, the person does not belong to any of the places he will go away and his or her place identity is destroyed. Thus, society will turn into a cultural space without identity, dignity and becomes more complex.The social context, in this case, of unidentified space, which is nowhere, sets to become into social life context, and the relation existed between place, culture and identity may be confused, whereas, by creating a sense of place and identity, it is possible to build and strengthen the person's belonging sense to a specific location or society. This research has in this field studied and emphasized on the aspects of the urban landscape.To get the study objective, this research has studied the issue of urban identity from the perspective urban landscape and urban landscape elements such as urban furniture, landscaping, walls, urban spaces, trails, urban development, urban art, lighting, and the various social and cultural factors well have been directly involved.In this study, qualitative research methods, and the correlation methods for deriving documents and proof of identity and urban landscape factors are used. It can be concluded from the discussions in this section of the town where there is less visual disturbance, and the visual elements of the city enjoy a good proportion of visual landscape, residents have relatively more sense of belonging and they can improve the city's identity.

In recent years, a lot of research has been done on the Aquacrop model, the results show that this model simulates the product performance for deficit irrigation conditions. But this model, like other models, is sensitive to values of independent variables (model inputs). In this research, the sensitivity of the Aquacrop model was analyzed for 4 input parameters of reference evapotranspiration, normalized water productivity, initial canopy cover percentage and maximum canopy cover for barley. Irrigation treatments included full irrigation and two deficit irrigation treatments of 80% and 60%, the experiment was done in 2014-15 growing season in the field of Abourihan College. The values of measured biomass were used as the base values for treatments. The Beven’ s method (Beven et al., 1979) was used for sensitivity analysis of Aquacrop model. The results showed that the model is most sensitive to the reference crop evapotranspiration, So the sensitivity coefficient for this parameter for full irrigation treatments, 80% full irrigation and 60% full irrigation were-1. 1,-1. 2 and-2. 3 respectively. The negative sign indicates that if the value of reference evapotranspiration input is exceeded the actual value into the model, Yield performance is simulated less than actual value. In the meantime, the higher the degree of deficit irrigation, the greater the sensitivity of the model.

Introduction: The physical growth of cities along with the rapid growth of urban population and the inability of city managers to meet the needs of this population-which is due to unpreparedness to face this situation-is the starting point for various inequalities. The existence of these inequalities has led to the formation of informal settlements. Pakdasht is one of the satellite cities of Tehran due to its proximity to Tehran, low housing prices and the presence of industrial towns around it as an immigrant hub of the metropolis of Tehran and other immigrants in the country, which has accommodated countless poor rural immigrants. And has led to adverse consequences such as rising unemployment, inadequacies in providing services to the growing population, increasing anomalies and poverty. In this research, with accurate knowledge of informal settlements in Pakdasht, practical strategies in this field are presented. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze quantitative indicators in informal settlements of Pakdasht, identify the harms of urban management and its impact on the formation and growth of informal settlements, evaluate the resources and capabilities of urban management and finally provide urban management strategies to empower and organize these settlements. . Then the order of imitation, irreplaceability, value and scarcity of the study area is explained. In this regard, an attempt has been made to answer the following question. What are the management strategies for informal settlements in Pakdasht? Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The collection of information and data was in the form of documents-libraries. In such a way that the studies related to the theoretical foundations of the documentary method and the data related to the findings, the questionnaire tool has been used. The statistical population of the study is a group of experts from which 30 people who were familiar with the environment and the subject and have studied in this regard were selected by available means. The criterion for selecting this number was theoretical saturation. The data analysis method was Meta-SWOT method. Results and discussion: All inputs of this study are based on objectives such as reducing the vulnerability of informal settlements in Pakdasht, managing informal settlements with high priority, and providing optimal strategies with medium priority. In the next step, key factors such as correlation between physical, social and security indicators, responsibility of residents and officials in maintaining urban spaces, financial management system in informal settlements, public participation, social cohesion for the success of urban management in informal settlements were identified. Then, it was determined what is the situation of urban development management factors in Pakdasht city in terms of the proposed indicators compared to the city under study. Five levels of much lower, lower, almost equal, higher and much higher were used to make these comparisons. In this regard, 5 informal settlements of Enghelab town, Hesar Amir, Vosat alley, Zeinabieh and west of Ustad Shahriyar were compared. Urban management injuries have been identified for informal settlements in Pakdasht. Due to the non-uniform weight of the identified targets, based on the opinions of experts and specialists in the field of pathology of informal settlements, they were prioritized based on the importance at three levels (high, medium and low). Finally, effective environmental factors outside the control of urban management were identified. These factors include the large volume of passing traffic and heavy vehicles, the lack of serious urban services, economic poverty, unemployment, the existence of informal economic activities, the fragmentation of urban society, the existence of various subcultures and cultural and social backwardness and illiteracy, marginalized face and functions. City, urban burnout, acceleration of growth in the absence of a targeted program, polarization of Pakdasht urban society and rising housing prices and the cost of living. Based on these factors, the strategic fit and the fit of resources and capabilities with the goals of urban management was done. Finally, according to the decisions and output of the software, a strategic map was drawn. Conclusion: Since informal settlement is ultimately a local issue, the municipality, as a non-governmental institution and the highest and most important source of urban management, will play a major role in the process of presenting strategies and empowering informal settlements. Therefore, municipalities should take different initiatives from the past to make the best use of the participation and internal resources of these communities. The presence of more than 20% of the population of Pakdasht city in informal areas and its rapid growth is a warning to the officials and their serious concern for this issue. Addressing the current difficulties of these neighborhoods at the same time as anticipating future problems arising from their growth is essential, which requires special and comprehensive measures, different from the current routine. These measures, due to their nature, on the one hand must be done in an integrated and multidisciplinary manner in the physical environment, and on the other hand must be accompanied by physical measures and even before them, socio-economic programs for these communities. Such a comprehensive and all-out solution requires the alignment and cooperation of the relevant agencies. In connection with dealing with informal settlement, various policies and strategies from acceptance and recognition to their cleansing and destruction have been experienced, and in recent years in various countries, including our country, the solution of empowerment, institutionalization has been considered.

In this study the vegetation of gherh Aghaj in Pakdasht with the longitude of 51- 45 to 51- 57 and the latitude of 35-25 to 35-35 located on the south west survyed relation to the physionomy of vegetation. Sampling was conducted in releves. The study area separated in to plant unit using areal photographs. Broun- Blandqve table method was used for each plant unit, with regards tomp scale, twenty seven plant communities were Recognizes region. The physionomic studies were made according to kuchelers and one physiognomic formula was made to each plant community.

This research was designed to understand the extent and the way women participate in mosques and compare them with the teachings of Islam in the mosques of Pakdasht city. In this way, the statistical population of the study included all women who were active, semi-active or inactive in the mosque and its affairs. The data collection tool was a qualitative and profound interview with some of the women who purposefully selected 6 mosques (Imam Sadiq (as), Amir al-Momenin (AS) mosque, al-Mahdi mosque (AS), Sahib Al-Zaman (AS), Imam Hussein (AS) and Seyyed al-Shohada) were selected from all the mosques in the city of Pakdasht and from different regions and according to different geographical directions (Kermaniya, Sharifabad, Qoah, Jamal Abad, Qala Nou and Namjoo settlements). The data from these interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings showed that women can participate in mosque affairs in many different ways. Participation in a variety of affairs included a total participation in cultural activities, political affairs and social affairs in the mosque. Political activities at the lowest level and social activities were at the highest level of activity. In the sense that most women were referred to as social interactions from the presence of mosque activities. However, among these activities, cultural affairs were more diverse. The final findings showed that there is a relatively large gap between Islamic teachings in terms of attending mosque affairs and theoretical view or practical action.

Crop Simulation models are used for water management in farms and are widely used for optimization of water use efficiency. AquaCrop model is based on yield response to water that developed by FAO. The objective of this study was calibration of two parameters, including growing degree days from sowing to maturity (GDD) and water productivity normalized (WP) for barely in Pakdasht region, Iran. The experiments were done in 2014-2015 and the treatments were three crop calendars, including early, normal and late planting. Using calibration data and try and error method, GDD and BWP were calculated 1260 degree and 14. 8 gram/m-2, respectively. The results showed that calibrated model provided close agreement with the reference values, with a coefficient determination of 0. 99 and root mean square error of 0. 59 ton ha-1.

Today, urban and rural planning and management programs need to obtain accurate spatial information at successive times about land use changes. The main purpose of this study is to study and evaluate land use changes due to physical development with respect to 4 land uses in Bayer, agricultural lands, water zones and man-made lands in Pakdasht. Data were collected through Landsat satellite images from 2019 and 1989 captured by OLI and MSS5 sensors with a resolution of 30 m, which transformed Landsat 8 and 7 satellite images to 15 m in ENVI 5. 3 software. These images were classified in ENVI 5. 3 software based on the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then the accuracy of the maps obtained from the maximum likelihood algorithm was estimated. Fragstats software was then used to extract land cover metrics at two levels of the classroom and the simulator. A total of 15 landslides were quantified in the years 1989 to 2019 (1368-1688). According to the results, the area of ​​residential land has increased during the years under study so that its share has increased from %7. 1 in the region to %19. 5.