Children are very vulnerable in asylum procedures. This vulnerable situation requires the inclusion of effective rights for them in asylum procedures. For this purpose, the right to participate can strengthen the legal position of these children and transform them from passive objects to active agents and rights holders. However, the question that arises is, what are the sences of the child’s rights to participate and how should the right of participation be applied so that it can fulfill the rights of the child? It seems that the rights of the child in asylum procedures are fully satisfied only when the child has the right to participate correctly; in this regard, legal documents related to the child’s right to participate in asylum procedure are analyzed; After that, and since the child has not yet reached maturity to be able to use the right to participate in all asylum procedures, the relationship between this right and the principle of the his/her best interests is examined. Finally, it is clear that the right to participate only acts in the direction of fulfilling the rights of the child when all its elements are correctly applied, and if this happens, the child's right to participate will work in the direction of the best interests.

Background: Chemokines are small protein molecules involved in cell signaling processes. They play a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes. Chemokines are functionally classified into two categories, inflammatory/inducible and constitutive. Their biologic functional differences are the result of their receptors structural differences. Recently some studies were performed about the chemokines changes in diabetes. Inflammatory mechanisms have an important role in diabetes.Materials and Methods: In this review article we searched the keywords chemokines, diabetes, diabetes pathogenesis, and type1 and 2diabetes in Persian resources, PubMed and famous English-language websites through advanced search engines and found the newest studies about the role of chemokinesin the pathogenesis of diabetes.Results: The results of the studies showed that diabetes and its disorders enhance the activation of immune cells and the expression of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, SDF-1, INF-g, TGF-b, MCP-1, IP-10, TNF-a, and RANTES, most of them have impact on the pathogenesis of diabetes.Conclusion: Comparison and analysis of the results obtained from our research and the results of performed studies in the world and Iran shows that chemokines, like other protein molecules involved in the pathogenesis and etiology of diabetes, play a role in this process.

Information asymmetry between business owners and investors is a common problem in all investments, but this problem becomes more apparent in equity crowdfunding because potential investors in equity crowdfunding are generally non-professional investors and do not have enough time and experience to scrutinize the investment plan. Therefore, based on the received signals, they decide on the quality of the designs and ultimately their participation / non-participation. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively identify these signals and their sources and also to measure their effectiveness. This is a mixed research in which, qualitative data were gathered through semi structured interviews and analyzed with thematic analyze method. Quantitative part of the research forms the main part of it and contains a descriptive survey which its data were analyzed by second order confirmatory factor analysis. Based on the results, three sources of signals, respectively including: ECF platform, third parties and business owners and are involved in motivating investors to participate, and for each source, four effective signals were identified.

Agriculture is a major sector of the Iranian economy. Agricultural development goals cannot be achieved unless empowering and managing of the human resources are taken into consideration. Aging is a recent phenomenon, which is affecting agricultural sector.Therefore, agricultural planners are faced with the challenge to find solutions to persuade, and to educate, the rural youth for entering the agricultural activity. In this regard, ideally there should not be any discrimination between males and females as rural women and girls have played crucial roles in agriculture since the emergence of fanning. The rationale for taking up such a topic for research was derived from the fact that rural youths are demonstrating low interest in participating in agricultural activities. Stratified random sampling was applied and 187 rural girls were selected from 6 districts and 11 villages of Kermanshah County for the interview. The results showed that. the respondents had medium level of motivation to participate in agriculture. Step-wise regression analysis indicated that 21 percent of variation in the dependent variable (e.g., motivation). This was determined by fivre variables among which the extent of participation in agriculture was the most important one. In addition, literacy level of mothers negatively aftected the girls motivation.

. IntroductionKnowledge management, as a critical organizational asset, plays a vital role in success and competitiveness (Abbas et al., 2021). Organizational success increasingly depends on employees’ behaviors, particularly knowledge sharing (Chopra & Gupta, 2019). Sustaining organizational knowledge is essential for digital transformation and sustainable development (Di Vaio et al., 2021,Steiner, 2018). Consequently, knowledge management has become a strategic priority, offering tools to balance business objectives and competitive advantages (Al-Kurdi et al., 2018). The primary challenge is developing knowledge management strategies, such as intra-organizational knowledge sharing, that address the dynamics of the organizational knowledge base (Nadason et al., 2017). To achieve this, organizations must foster a culture that encourages knowledge-sharing behaviors (Halisah et al., 2021,Fattahian et al., 2022). Knowledge is recognized as a factor of production alongside land, labor, and capital (Sasmita, 2023). Each individual possesses unique knowledge shared through learning and experience (Goswami, 2023). Knowledge sharing is a powerful tool for human development and social progress (Yasir, 2023) and is defined as the exchange of experiences and insights to gain a deeper understanding (Mapionaya, 2005). This process benefits both the sharer and the recipient (Adamseged, 2018). Knowledge management has evolved into a scientific discipline, considered a natural activity in academic institutions, particularly universities (Javaid, 2020,Hasirchi et al., 1399). Knowledge sharing is essential for institutional growth and societal development, enhancing organizations’ ability to respond to business opportunities (Hussain & Nasiura, 2011). In higher education, faculty members play a pivotal role in transferring knowledge to students and society (Adamseged, 2018). Given the constant evolution of knowledge due to technology and innovation, sharing knowledge among faculty is critical for its preservation and dissemination (Javaid, 2020). Motivating knowledge sharing is a global priority in knowledge management (Salehi & Alanbari, 2023). Organizational culture and work motivation are key to encouraging this behavior (Iman et al., 2023,Bawik et al., 2018).  Research Question(s)This study aims to explore the motivations for intra-organizational knowledge sharing among faculty members of Payame Noor University, focusing on two questions: What is the process of creating motivation for faculty participation in knowledge sharing? What are the influencing and influenced conditions (causal, contextual, intervening, strategies, and outcomes) of knowledge-sharing motivation? 2. Literature ReviewAttitudes toward knowledge sharing reflect individuals’ positive or negative feelings, which can be instrumental (useful or harmful) or affective (enjoyable or unpleasant) (Wu et al., 2023). Sharing knowledge may reduce individual power within an organization, posing a barrier to participation. Prior studies fall into two categories: Research addressing knowledge-sharing motivation. Studies exploring the role of knowledge sharing in universities and among faculty. Domestic studies, such as Goldasteh et al. (2022), found a significant relationship between organizational climate, attitudes, and knowledge sharing. Fattahian et al. (2022) confirmed a positive relationship between influencing factors and attitudes toward knowledge sharing. Hasirchi et al. (2020) identified components for extracting expert knowledge. International studies, such as Nguyen et al. (2022) and Yu & Meng (2021), emphasize the role of intrinsic motivation in enhancing knowledge sharing. However, no qualitative study has directly explored knowledge-sharing motivation in universities. 3. MethodologyThis qualitative study adopted an interpretive approach with a developmental-applied goal, conducted cross-sectionally with an exploratory strategy. Data were collected through library studies and semi-structured interviews. The population consisted of Payam-e Noor University faculty in human resource management and organizational behavior, with associate or assistant professor ranks and over 5 years of experience, from 8 provinces. Purposive sampling continued until theoretical saturation (16 participants). Validity and reliability were ensured using acceptability (participant review) and confirmability (retest with over 80% similarity). Data analysis followed the grounded theory approach with open, axial, and selective coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). Data were categorized and developed into a theoretical model. 4. ResultsDemographic Characteristics: 87. 5% male, 12. 5% female,62. 5% assistant professors, 37. 5% associate professors. Open Coding: 120 conceptual codes were extracted. For example, organizational injustice leads to knowledge hoarding, while recognition and rewards enhance motivation. Axial Coding: Main categories included: Causal Conditions: Strategic alignment, managerial factors, individual factors, content creation. Contextual Conditions: Sharing environment, educational aspects, evaluation, technical issues, infrastructure, information issues. Intervening Conditions: Faculty personality factors, organizational culture instability. Strategies: Transformation, growth orientation, organizational context, organizational strategies. Outcomes: Organizational dynamism, social outcomes, structural development, learning organization. Paradigm Model: Designed based on Corbin and Strauss (2008).  5. DiscussionThe findings indicate that strategic alignment, managerial factors, individual factors, and content creation influence knowledge-sharing motivation, aligning with Nguyen et al. (2019) and Gaiodenko (2021). Social networks facilitate knowledge sharing. Contextual conditions, such as the sharing environment, educational aspects, and technical infrastructure, are essential for accelerating knowledge sharing (Alrehbi, 2022,Ade, 2021). Managers should promote activities like knowledge flow, participatory decision-making, and smart systems, though Payam-e Noor University’s geographic dispersion makes this process time-consuming and costly. Intervening conditions, such as faculty personality (e. g., extroversion or introversion) and organizational culture instability, are key barriers. Workplace health, faculty involvement, and bureaucracy impact motivation. Strategies like transformation, growth orientation, and strengthening organizational context (e. g., social education, decision-making involvement, infrastructure) enhance knowledge sharing. Outcomes include organizational dynamism, improved social interactions, structural development, and a learning organization, which elevate the university’s status and student recruitment. 6. ConclusionPayam-e Noor University can enhance knowledge-sharing motivation through managerial support, rewards, teamwork, and human resource empowerment. Addressing challenges like personality factors and cultural instability removes barriers. Technology use and precise planning are essential to overcome geographic dispersion. Outcomes such as enhanced sharing culture, reduced social tensions, and a learning organization can improve the university’s quality. Recommendations include leveraging technology, providing technical and administrative support, planning for knowledge retention amid retirements, fostering interpersonal relationships, and replicating the study with other disciplines and universities. Knowledge sharing is a prerequisite for successful organizational systems, and by removing barriers and boosting motivation, effective knowledge management and organizational development can be achieved.