Rural environment is the reflect of the historical practices over the time, mutually feedback of human settle, activities, nature and include aesthetic quality, environmental function, local knowledge, tradition and customs. Nevertheless, rapid growth of consuming economy and the emphases on functional character without linkage to different environmental socio-cultural and economical condition led to model of design that cannot reproduce their valued in landscape. This process result is unsustainably in rural environment. Sustainable literature introduced different aspect of this unsustainably and prevention methods. However, less attention paid to the nature of operational method. Nature of design is base on dialectic linkage between social and natural systems and holism approach. Therefore, sustainable environmental design without paying attention to different factors, social groups, stockholders and their behaviors is impossible. When design will be reach to its optimal condition that happen in social context with applying Participatory methods. Participatory methods prepare context to increase sustainable environmental actions. Participation can improve conditions that affect the sustainable environment. Some sample proved that applying Participatory methods could improve result of design and shape new approach in local community to apply in different process designs. Applying Participatory methods has two face of a coin. It has positive impact but result in negative impacts. Since, this function needs to manage and solve inherent conflicts.

Participatory design is one of the practical approaches in many fields of design, including industrial design. This approach generally refers to activities in which all stakeholders find the authority and power to use their ideas to design new solutions simultaneously. But participation and cooperation with users have always been involved with many challenges. So researchers do a large number of studies to provide solutions in this field by introducing new methods. Introducing the method has become one of the most common ways to introduce this approach in academic activities. In other words, methods as a field constitute most of the current knowledge space about Participatory design. The volume of these studies is so broad that it probably confuses the relevant researchers at the beginning of their work. But despite this wide range of researches, the authors did not find a comprehensive research with the aim of accessing an integrated set of methods or principles. For this reason, the main question of this research is related to identifying the basic principles in the implementation of the Participatory design project and investigating the relationship between these principles. In this regard, this study aims to present a set of general principles for implementing the Participatory design approach and to reach a new and integrated interpretation in this field, which is done through the synthesis of the results of previous studies. In this direction, a qualitative study using a meta-synthesis method has been chosen as the research method which is carried out through three stages of coding, namely, open, axial, and selective coding. The meta-synthesis method is a type of qualitative study that uses the findings of other qualitative research in a specific field as data. This method can help social science researchers in developing and creating theories by synthesizing the results of previous studies. In the first step, searching for documents, based on four criteria including appropriate keywords (Participatory design, principles, method, model, and framework), historical range (from 2000 to 2022), databases (Scopus, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, ACM, DL) and the type of documents (books, articles, and treatises) was done, and 56 valid documents were obtained based on this. In the next step, among these documents, based on two criteria (the quality of the studies and the comprehensiveness of the proposed method, model, principles, or frameworks), 10 documents, including 9 articles and 1 book, were selected as the final input documents for conducting the study. Finally, as a result of the synthesis of the selected studies, eight categories were obtained as the implementation principles of Participatory design, which are: clarifying participation, empowering participants, creating a platform for participation, matching the components of participation, stimulating participation, justice in participation, managing the results of participation and sustainable participation. In the end, the conceptual relationship between these categories was examined and eight specific types of relationships between the categories were identified. Also, by presenting examples of Participatory projects, the application and fields of use of the eight proposed categories were explained.

Due to the role of participation in service design, the importance of the concept Participatory design approach is increasing in this area. In the literature in this area is mentioned many benefits of using Participatory approach in the service design. some of these are: 1. development of different and new services with better values for users, 2. reducing the time of development services, 3. User education, 4. Long-term and better relationships between service providers and customers. But some questions still remained unanswered in the Participatory design process in the service design and benefits of this approach ahead in this direction. So the aim of this study is to investigate the process of Participatory design in service design projects based on tools and techniques (And possibly achieve a comprehensive process in this area), also to survey the benefits which are originated from the selected tools. The other purpose of this study is to show the importance of co-design in service design process. The research method in this paper is a qualitative analysis based on case study. For this, four projects have been selected in the field of service design from scientific articles as case studies that three of them are based on Participatory design and one of them is based on a different approach. The important result of this research showed that we can probably identify a three-step process in all Participatory service design projects to introduce it to designers in this area. The steps of this suggested process are: 1. preparation of operative groups 2. collective ideas 3. Participatory review and extracting the ideas. The first phase of this three-step process also is diagnosed in three separate steps that are as follows: 1. Selected the type of group or groups participants 2. Recognition of diverse mental models of participants 3. informing participants with methods and objectives of the project. So the inputs in the first stage are different subjective assumptions and outputs are mindfulness participants to the matter. The last phase of this process also has three steps: 1. review 2. completion 3. selection. So at this stage (Participatory review and extracting the ideas), Input are diverse ideas and output is a selective idea that is selected with the participation of all participants. Also with a comparative analysis of innovation areas in service design (which are known 7P and are included: Place, Product, price, promotion, Participants, Physical evidence and Process) with Participatory design tools, it was found that the use of Participatory design tools has positive effects in these areas. Finally, to assess the process proposed in this paper, the process of an execution project and the results of this were evaluated. The author’ s suggestion for future research in the field of Participatory design is to measure the result of the comparative analysis of innovation areas in service design with Participatory design tools practically with executive projects to be aware of the positive impact of it and can be compared its influence with the implementation of other similar methods.

The following study aims to present an innovative approach for design. Participatory design is the model of direct involvement of different social groups in the design from functional tools to environments, social institutions and businesses. Diverse collection of practices has been developed to support this direct involvement by Participatory design. People are invited to participate during different phases of an innovative and creative process; from initial exploration to problem definition and defining the problem and creating ideas for solutions. During development, they help evaluate proposed solutions. Participatory design answers questions about users and their tasks and goals, then help users to make decisions. Participatory design is characterized as a maturing area of research and as an evolving practice among designer. Architecture as a professional design are social constructs and the way for humans to consider the physical world in which they exist, and as social constructs, both reflect and shape the culture in which they arise. The authors go through the definitions of Participatory design in order to achieve a new approache in design. various values which are inherent in the social fabrics are illustrated by emphasizing on cultural identity and activity. To illustrate the concept of this approach, landscape design of bazaar in mahallat as a case study is considered. This research will attempt to identify and analyze the local participation, and goes some way to providing practical solutions to tackle the local problems, utilizing an effective application of the principles of sustainable development on both environmental and architectural aspects.

Introduction: It is no longer acceptable to design an unchangeable plan, especially in landscape architecture where end-users should be at the centre of any design. Much literature discusses the influence of public involvement in the landscape design process and its necessity in contemporary life. However, the implementation of public Participatory design has proved to be challenging and even problematic in many cases in the world. The initiated, civic leaders and professional experts generally develop and manage open space planning and design with a relatively limited level of public participation considering what is possible. The range of creativity from those who participate is limited for a range of reasons, premises and constraints; these will be discussed in the literature review. The need exists for landscape architects to work from an understanding of the ranges of participation and the ranges of creativity that can be elicited in order to deliver sustainable designs. For several decades the theories of public participation were discussed in Europe and North America, but the application of this in many other countries remained under-researched. Of specific interest in this article, public Participatory design was used in Iran for the past few centuries (until a few decades ago) as a common solution. Although this practice has continued in many villages, public participation is not often practised in Iran’s cities anymore, and the few attempts at using it were not successful. So the aim of this article is to identify the obstacles to public participation specifically in Iran, and to classify these barriers by Iranian architectural designers.Materials and methods: A mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods has been used in this study. First, the main obstacles were extracted from the literature, then they were classified into five groups, namely technical, cultural, social, economic and political. After classifying the obstacles, these were assessed by interviewing Iranian landscape designers, with the help of the Delphi method. The Delphi method is astructured communication technique or method, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts. The experts answer questionnaires over two or more rounds. After each round, a facilitatoror agent of change provides an anonymous summary of the experts’ forecasts from the previous round as well as the reasons they provided for their judgments. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise their earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. It is believed that, during this process, the range of the answers will decrease and the group will converge towards the ‘correct’ answer. Finally, the process is stopped after a predefined stop criterion and the mean or median scores of the final rounds determine the results. In this research, the Delphi panel comprised ten landscape architects, six architects and four urban designers who work in laboratories and companies which depend on landscape architecture. Their assessment emerged in a table and its content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated and interpreted.Results and discussion: The main obstacles extracted from the literature were classified into five groups: technical, cultural, social, economic and political. Each of these groups contained a few obstacles and there are twenty-two elements in total. Technical obstacles included finding the right members to represent people and end-users, the age at which people participate in the design process, lack of expert knowledge and experience in public Participatory landscape design, lack of people’s knowledge and experience in public Participatory landscape design, inefficiency of public Participatory landscape design methods, uncertainty over how people ideas and decides affect the last decision and the design, and the lack of a free and comfortable relationship between end-users, employers and designers. Executive obstacles included increasing arguments between participants of public Participatory landscape design, inefficiency of implementing systems and the time-consuming nature of public Participatory design. Cultural obstacles included unwillingness of people, employers and designers to involve in a Participatory design process. Social obstacles included lack of free time in contemporary society, divergent orientations and interests of contemporary society, the separation of contemporary society from social activity, lack of popular power to prove what they want in Participatory design process, selfishness in contemporary society and prioritization in decision-making which depends on social outreach. Economic obstacles included the high expense of Participatory design process. Political obstacles included nervousness about public participation and wrong and inefficient policies. Finally, technical and political groups of obstacles achieved the highest rank in respect of expert opinions. From among twenty-two obstacles, respectively, the unwillingness of employers to involve in a Participatory design process, the age at which people participated in the design process, the lack of a free and comfortable relationship between end-users, employers and designers, wrong and inefficient policies, and lack of popular power to prove what they want in Participatory design process were distinguished as the most important obstacles.Conclusion: Based on the research foundations, we presented a few suggestions to improve the Participatory design process in Iran. On the one hand, the unwillingness of employers to be involved in a public Participatory design process was distinguished as the first and main barrier. In Iran, the main employer of public landscape designers is the Government. On the other hand, wrong and inefficient policies were distinguished as the third barrier and, in Iran, this refers to governmental regulations. So, from these statements the important role of Government and its regulations in improving the Participatory design process emerges and it shows that there is a need for promotion and revision of governmental regulations and policies. Developed countries, in contrast, have special regulations and policies which encourage public Participatory landscape design and guide the process to be more efficient.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant complication of diabetes, potentially leading to vision loss. Effective self-care and management are crucial to prevent its progression. Mobile Health (mHealth) applications offer a promising solution for supporting DR patients in self-care by providing continuous monitoring, education, and reminders.Objectives: This Participatory design study aimed to create and assess a mobile health app to help diabetic retinopathy patients manage their condition through self-care. Methods: This practical research was carried out in 2024 over two stages: design and Evaluation. First, we determined the functional requirements and developed a conceptual model of the application using Microsoft Visio 2021. In the next stage, we evaluated the application using the Mobile Application Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) and gathered feedback from patients with diabetic retinopathy to understand their views on the application's usability. Results: The application's main features included reminders, alerts, educational content, and useful links. Thirty users with diabetic retinopathy participated in the usability testing. The participants expressed a high level of satisfaction with the application (mean score: 5.67 ± 1.04 out of a maximum of 7.00). Conclusions: The mHealth application for diabetic retinopathy self-care demonstrated high usability and potential to support patients in managing their condition. Future work should focus on integrating more advanced features and conducting long-term studies to assess the app's impact on clinical outcomes.

Statement of the Problem: Different people and strata in human societies need a shelter called housing. The design process of this type of space is done in different ways, and the possibility of using the user's opinions during this process has always been desired by the design community because users are considered influential members in this matter. In recent years, the Participatory approach has played an important role as an appropriate response to this process. However, the special contemporary conditions, according to the way of house selection and the view of the designers, have made their involvement in the category of participation very diverse. Purpose: This study seeks to explain and measure the level and quality of user participation in the design process. Therefore, the study investigates, firstly, in what topics and secondly, to what extent the user can enter into this process. Methodology: The present study uses the grounded theory approach to achieve its goals. Results: The results show the extent and manner of the user's participation in the different stages of the design process during a three-stage and back-and-forth activity, where the user's contribution is more important at the ‘level of influence through the declaration of needs’ and the architect's contribution is at the ‘level of participation through applying specialized considerations’. Innovation: The innovation of the research is in obtaining the model and its components using grounded theory and presenting a three-stage model of user participation in the design process.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is one of the most successful techniques of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and is mostly in use for the treatment of infertility with male factors. In this method, before injecting sperm into the intracytoplasmic of the oocyte, cumulus cells around the oocyte must be stripped to facilitate the injection process. To achieve this, both enzymatic and mechanical methods are used in embryological laboratories for denudation, which has major deficiencies, including the possibility of damaging the oocyte prior to the injection process. In this research, a microfluidic-based device is introduced for the separation of cumulus cells around the oocyte with minimum manual operations. The results prove high efficiency, and non-destructive denudation of the oocyte with the reduced amount of culture medium leads to the low-cost preparation process of oocytes. The process can also be integrated with ICSI chips under development and will be reported shortly.