Corruption is seen as a pervasive and global problem in all countries of the world, although it is different in terms of type, intensity and generality. This problem has been widely researched due to its economic costs and destructive effects on development trends and quality of governance. However, due to the difficulties of measuring "real corruption", measuring "perception of corruption" has been considered as the best alternative method. In this regard, the article has been done with the aim of measuring the Iranians' perception of corruption and analyzing its causes and consequences. Methodologically, the study was carried out in a documentary Method, by secondary analysis of the WVS 7th wave data. The data was collected in 64 countries in 2020, including Iran. According to the findings, Iranians' perception of financial and administrative corruption is very high. The findings also show that the perception of corruption is influenced by variables such as "education", "population size", "savings rate" and indicators such as "livelihood poverty", "membership in religious institutions", "religious belief" and "media orientation". In terms of consequences, the results indicate that the perception of corruption, in addition to social damages (such as "social dissatisfaction" and "feeling of insecurity") is mainly focused on the consequences that target the political system.

One of the most important new social injuries in the bureaucratic administrative is the official corruption. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the economic, social, demographic characteristics and perception of corruption. In this study, a questionnaire survey was used. The random sampling was used too. The results showed that: 1.a significant relationship between the respondents’ age and their perceptions of corruption 2) a direct relationship between the education level of respondents and perception of corruption 3.meaningful relationship between the marital status of the respondents and their perceptions of corruption.4.direct relation between age and socio-economic status of the respondents and their perception of corruption.

The main purpose of this study is to explore how corruption in public sectors affects collection of tax between in Iran. We have used GMM models to find the impact of Corruption Perception Index on tax revenues collected from 1980 to 2010. The results show that lower corruption perception indices i.e. high level of corruption has reduced every type of tax revenues except consumption and sales taxes. We have also found that GDP per capita and the degree of economic openness are positively related to the amount of tax collected. Another finding of our study is that inflation and value added of agricultural sector are negatively related to all tax revenues.

Corruption is one of the major phenomena that has involved many societies throughout history. One of the weakening factors of corruption is the formation and expansion of civil society and two basic requirements of civil society are free mass media and social media. The present study was conducted to investigate the representation of corruption issue by Iranian users in Instagram. Our methodology is qualitative content analysis that has been accomplished with a customary approach. 160 Instagram posts implying corruption hashtag were chosenand analysed by theoretical sampling. The findings show that users have pointed out to 11 corruption which 7 of them directly and 4 of them indirectly related to economic corruption. Three main categories emerging from the analysis are understanding of the current state of corruption, the mechanisms of explanation and the mechanisms for protesting corruption. Nine Sub-categories are also emerged out of three main categories. Analysis suggests that users in the face of corruption, use this medium to describe and explain corruption and protest against it.

Too many experts have been studying the solutions for eliminating administrative corruption by using political, managerial and legal approaches. It has been recommended to institutionalize the monitoring of the political system, developing civil society, increasing political accountability, increasing competition in the economy, and improving public administration and public finance, but administrative corruption still remains an important issue.This study measures the relationship between conceptions of distributive, procedural, interactional and informational injustice; and corruption-oriented behaviors of employees. In this study, the researcher investigated one of universities in Tehran as statistical population which led us to conclude that there is a positive relation between the tendency to corruption and perception of injustice.

We conducted this study in the Agogo Traditional Area of the Ashanti region of Ghana where there are numerous cases of conflicts between crop and animal farmers as a result of insufficient pasture for livestock, especially during the dry seasons. This has drawn the attention of various stakeholders in agriculture to the need for supplement feed through pasture establishment. The study examines farmers’ perception and the financial viability of pasture establishment for small ruminant production. The specific objectives of the study are as follow: to identify the cost and returns for the establishment of an acre of pasture, to assess the financial viability of pasture establishment on ‘cut and sell’ basis, to investigate farmers’ perception of pasture establishment for cattle production, to conduct a SWOT analysis of the establishment of pasture in Agogo. The study purports to analyze in detail, farmers' perceptions about the nature of the proposed 'Fodder Bank' policy and its likely effect on crop and livestock production, and whether the proposed policy could generate adequate monetary returns to induce its adoption at the farm level. The study seeks to provide evidence in support of SDG goals 2 (Zero hunger) and 12 (Responsible consumption and production) of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. To the authors' best of knowledge, this is envisage to provide valuable information to support policy initiatives intended to tackle the root cause of farmer-herder conflicts. The Asante Akim North Municipal is one of the 27 administrative Districts in the Ashanti Region. Its capital is Konongo- Odumasi. The population for this study comprises livestock and crop farmers in Agogo. Asante Akim North Municipal was purposively selected for the study because it is noted for its agrarian abilities and massive production of food in the Ashanti region. The multi stage sampling was employed in this study. At the first stage, Asante Agogo traditional area was selected purposively due to the fact that majority of the inhabitants engage in agricultural activities (GSS 2010). At the second stage, three communities in Agogo namely, Hwidiem, Ananekrom and Bebuso were selected purposively. At the third stage, quota sampling was used to obtain a specific number of farmers from each of the three communities to sum up to 150 respondents as shown in table. Simple random sampling technique was then used to engage the selected farmers in these communities. A sample size of 150 respondents were obtained using the Slovin’s formulae which is a scientific method of obtaining the sample size for a given population. Structured questionnaires consisting of open and close ended questions were used to gather primary data from respondents through face-to-face interviews. Interviews were conducted using the local dialect mostly to enhance communication and to clear all language barriers but English was used where the respondents could give accurate answers in English Language. Data per the questionnaires from respondents were concerning their perception of pasture establishment and the assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of pasture establishment. Secondary data was sought from books, journals, dissertations and the internet. Useful and relevant information on the appropriate materials and their costs for establishing pasture was also obtained from the Agogo MoFA office, and the KNUST Department of Animal Science. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and means were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. It was revealed in the study that majority of crop farmers have had their crops destroyed by ruminants especially cattle at least once. Additionally, the study showed that pasture establishment is one way through which crop farms destruction by livestock can be prevented as about 99% of farmers responded in the affirmative. The results for the financial viability of the venture under the assumptions used gave relevant results with BCR of 1.18 and NPV of GHC 3,160. The Internal Rate Return of the venture is estimated at 40.1% and a Pay Back period of 2.61 years. Therefore, it will be economically prudent for investors to commit resources towards establishing pasture. The perception index for commercial, economic and financial concerns of pasture establishment was 3.7 which is skewed toward agree. The statement that had the highest positive perception index was about the fact that pasture establishment will increase the quality of meat. This implies that respondents perceive that the commercial, economic and financial results of pasture establishment will be positive. The perception index for the social category was 3.66. The statement with the highest positive assertion by respondents is the fact that pasture establishment will help control the movement of animals. The perception index of 3.66 which is skewed towards agree means that pasture establishment will attract the support from the community and also bring more benefits to the society. In the category of technical concerns of pasture establishment, the overall perception index for this category is 3.15, which means that the respondents perceive they have a fair technical know- how concerning pasture establishment even though the venture requires technical know-how. In the category of institutional concerns, support and involvement in pasture establishment, the statement with the highest perception index is that MoFA will support farmers with the necessary resources in its capacity. With reference to the chi-square test, the study can conclude that there is a significant relationship between the type of farmer and the perception that support can be drawn from farmer-based associations, and the perception that pasture establishment will increase livestock production as well as the general sales of farmers. Lastly, the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between the educational background of the farmer and the perception that it is not difficult to select planting materials for pasture establishment. Farmers in Asante Akim Agogo should adopt the establishment of pasture since it is financially viable. The establishment of pasture in Asante Akim Agogo should be encouraged since it has the potency to reduce the farmer - herder conflicts and ensure food security. For successful pasture establishment, technical know-how is essential.

this study Using the panel, corruption perception index, Indicator Economic Freedom and economic growth. For examine the impact of corruption on economic growth Has been used a dynamic panel model and Generalized method of moments (GMM). Sample covers 156 countries over the period 2000 to 2011. The results of the classification of countries indicates that, in groups with high Economic Freedom index ranks, control of financial Corruption has positive effects on economic growth. But the groups with moderate and lower Economic Freedom, control of corruption, reduce economic growth from Different channels. the result by variable stability in Corruption control policies are also visible, As the first group, stability in control of corruption policies had a positive impact on economic growth, while in the second and third group, this stability is detrimental to economic growth and reduce its.

Background & Aims: Corruption is an issue that has hit organizations in all ages and is one of the most pressing societal problems that slowly enthralled society, and disrupts the social fabric and perpetuates injustice and dissatisfaction with organizations, which will reduce the effectiveness of the organization's goals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of corruption and organizational justice among employees of Ardabil educational centers. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 182 employees in educational hospitals affiliated to Ardabil University of Medical Sciences were selected randomly. Data were collected using the organizational justice questionnaire of Niehoff and Muorman and a researcher-made questionnaire on perceived corruption. Data were analyzed by Spss-23 software and correlation, T-student, Kruskal-Wallis and analysis of Variance tests and Bonferroni's post hoc test. Results: Findings showed that the perception of corruption among middle staff was lower than the average for organizational justice, and there was a negative correlation between the perception of corruption with organizational justice, and the distribution of procedural and interactive justice components (p <0. 05). Examination of the relationship between demographic characteristics and corruption perception showed a significant negative association between the type of employment, place of service and education and the perception of corruption in staff (p <0. 05). Also, examination of the association between demographic characteristics and organizational justice showed a significant association between the type of recruitment and place of service and the sense of organizational justice (p <0. 05). Conclusion: Given the relatively high perception of corruption in educational and medical centers, hospital managers need to take necessary and practical measures to reduce perceptions of corruption and increase organizational justice in their respective organizations.

Purpose: A conservative estimate from the 2009 Global Corruption Perceptions Survey suggests that people who paid bribes spent 7 percent of their annual income on bribes. Also, every year something like 2-5% of the world's total production is exchanged as bribes. According to studies conducted in the world, more than 300 billion dollars are spent annually in the health and treatment sector, of which an average of ten percent is lost in corrupt transactions. High levels of corruption have profound negative consequences on society's health and well-being. The above numbers and statistics all indicate the existence of an important and undeniable problem in organizations and the health system, which causes the budget and expenses spent in this sector not to be spent properly and at the target location. This issue can leave its bad effects on the health system and the beneficiaries in this system (household or consumers, suppliers, providers and buyers) and bring negative and destructive consequences. Materials and Methods: the research method is based on "combined approach",The first phase of the research based on the method of "documentary review" and "grounded theory" was carried out by extracting corruption variables in the healthcare system. In the second phase, the variables were examined through the estimation of "face validity" and the consensus of the elites' opinion showed that the metrics have the necessary sufficiency to measure the variables of "perception of corruption". In the third phase, based on the "survey" method, the questionnaire tool was distributed to measure "validity" and "reliability" in the group of citizens (as the target group of the healthcare system) and this questionnaire was distributed among 130 people who referred to hospitals in Tehran and the city. Findings: In order to validate the items related to citizens' perception of corruption in the healthcare system, it was subjected to "exploratory factor analysis" to identify the underlying factors in the items. After that, the reliability estimation based on the "internal stability" technique was done for the items and factors and the items with weak alpha coefficient were removed. In the final stage, based on Cronbach's alpha estimation, to estimate the "structural validity" of the research tool, a "second-order factor model" was designed for citizens' "perception of corruption" and the final measurement model was fitted. Conclusion: Validation of the research tool showed that corruption in the healthcare system can be measured with four factors: "financial corruption", "interactional corruption", "structural corruption" and "supervisory corruption", and the research questionnaire has been introduced with 26 items.