Background & Aims: Antidepressants are very common therapeutic agents in medicine. Design and using new antidepressants have built a new scope for depression treatment. Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant but it is used as an anti-smoke agent widely due to its smoke cessation. Its effectiveness in producing smoking cessation seems independent of its antidepressant effects. The study of synaptic effects of bupropion can reveal its mechanism for nicotine dependence cessation. This study has tested the effects of bupropion on evoked responses of rat hippocampal slices.Materials & Methods: 16 hippocampal slices from 18-25 old age rat pops were tested. The hippocampal slices have been prepared according to standard techniques. Bupropion was perfused in ACSF (2 mmol) for 30 minutes. The amplitude of population spikes (PS) amplitude of Stratum Radiatum was measured before and after bupropion perfusion. Amplitude of PS before bupropion perfusion fitted as 100% for baseline.Results: Bupropion (2 mmol) abolished PS of all slices for different periods. PS disappeared in 37.5% of slices for 1 hour, 25% for 1.5 hour, 12.5 % for 2 hour, and 25% for 4 hour or more. Bupropion disappeared PS 5-15 minutes after perfusion.Conclusion: Bupropion abolished or decreased PS amplitude. The results have showed that bupropion can decreases LTP or synaptic plasticity and alters the synaptic behavior in drug dependence.

Widespread immigrant beekeeping activity, inadequate quality queen bee production and the excess of uncontrolled crossbreeding are great problems for the quality of honey bee races in Türkiye. However, the effects of uncontrolled crossbreeding on the spermatological parameters are not fully known. In this study, samples were analyzed in terms of morphometric parameters such as cubital index, hantel index and discoidal shift. Drones belonging to the same colonies were investigated in terms of spermatological parameters such as total motility, Plasma Membrane Integrity (PMI), Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and spermatozoa concentration (SCON). The wing index values of the samples were similar to the wing values of some races. Racial similarities rates were50% Caucasian (A. m. caucacia), 49% Anatolian (A. m. anatoliaca), 24% Brown (A. m. mellifera), 13% Italian (A. m. ligustica) and 8% Carnolian (A. m. carnica). These results showed that the expected Anatolian race in the region had changed greatly and there is a danger of crossbreeding of bee races (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) in Central Anatolia Region. The averages of spermatological parameters were 85% motility, 82% PMI, 78% MMP and 5.9 × 109/ml sperm concentration. In addition, no significant correlative relationship was found between morphometric and spermatological parameters (p˃0.05). In this study, the samples of honey bee colonies in the Central Anatolia Region showed random and uncontrolled crossbreeding among different races. The spermatological parameters were found to be sufficient for fertility but there was no significant relationship detected statistically between the spermatological and morphometric parameters.

This study aimed to estimate the growth and mortality parameters of the bigeye shad (Ilisha megaloptera) in the northeastern Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province). A total of 367 specimens were seasonally collected using coastal set nets (mashata), shrimp trawl nets, and encircling gillnets from April 2019 to March 2022. The highest frequency for both sexes was observed within the 11–14 cm length class. The length–weight relationships were estimated as W=0.0084L3.034 for femalesW=0.0116L2.87 for males, and WW=0.0095L2.94 for the total population. Length distribution between sexes differed significantly. Based on otolith readings and the Gulland–Holt method, asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient (K) were estimated at 26.48 cm and 0.53 yr⁻¹ for females, 20.13 cm and 0.79 yr⁻¹ for males, and 25.69 cm and 0.58 yr⁻¹ for the total population. Total mortality (Z) was calculated at 1.76 yr⁻¹ for males, 1.33 yr⁻¹ for females, and 1.55 yr⁻¹ for the total population. The results indicate a relatively balanced sex ratio and length distribution, but notable differences in growth parameters between sexes. The estimated growth and mortality rates suggest a short life cycle and rapid growth, particularly in males.

An investigation was carried out on occurrence of Amblydromella kettanehi Denmark and Daneshvar (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Pinus eldarica Medw. In different localities (Lavassanat, Damavand, Firouzkouh, Karaj, Lavizan and Chitgar Parks) of Tehran vicinity, during 19971999. Effects" of temperature, humidity, rain fall frost period on predatory mite population has been investigated on this host plant infested with false spider mite (Cenopalpus irani Dosse) in northern Tehran. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that identical impacts of climatic factors on mean number of predatory mite during sampling years (1997, 1998). Any increase/decrease of temperature / amount of the rain showed a positive / negative influences on number of predatory mite, while no direct effects could be observed for humidity factor, Any increase in amount of the rain, snow and number of freezing days during October-March of 1998-1999 lowered the predatory mite population, (statistically significant at 1%.). Developmental stages of A. kettanehi was studied on two-spotted spider mite under laboratory condition (23±5°C & 45±10 R. H.). Mean of developing time from egg to preoviposition was 5.5±1.5 days while length of egg to egg for the female was recorded on 11±4.5 days. Average daily and total fecundity of female predator feeding on new host recorded as 0.75±0.5 and 6.5±2.5 eggs respectively during 6 to 11 days of oviposition period. Overall mortality rate was 66.6%, whilst 20% occurred at larval stage.

The Mehr housing is a special experience in the direct intervention of governments on a large scale, which instead of focusing only on big cities and metropolises, has entered different levels of the urban network, and it is different from similar programs in different countries of the world. The positive and negative residential, spatial, social, economic and programmatic characteristics of Mehr housing affected the direction and destination of migrations in the urban network, so that with the increase in the ratio of built of Mehr housing to the existing households in the cities of the country, increased the rate of population growth and finally immigration. This subject forms the hypothesis of the current research. The research method of the article is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is theoretical and practical. Statistics were collected through library and documentary methods and studies at two different levels including 31 provinces and urban sampling (40 cities in different provinces. The relationship between research variables measured through Pearson's correlation coefficient, kernel density and spatial weighted regression and its findings confirmed the research hypothesis. The results of the research show that the increase in the building of low-cost housing in cities has led to an increase in population growth and ultimately their immigration, and small and medium-sized cities have accepted the largest population impact within the urban network. The suggestions of the article also include empowerment, dispersion and native development.

The heartland of Tehran is home to nearly 7 million people, centers that had a marginal origin and were gradually integrated into the so-called official urban spaces. Officially in the form of cooperatives, which without the least coordination will determine the areas of social-spatial division in the future. According to the studies of the General Administration of greenbelt, more than 24 organizations and institutions make policies in some way in the greenbelt region, and on the other hand, based on population projections, approximately 3 million more people will be added to the population of this region by the year 2016. It is in a situation where the greenbelt zone is currently facing all kinds of challenges that are far beyond the problems of Tehran, encroachment on lands with environmental capabilities, mountain erosion, reducing the beauty of the southern spaces, the expansion of informal settlements, Aggressive occupations, issuance of ad hoc permits with an insular view are part of these challenges, the continuation of which portrays a vague and uncertain future. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the trends affecting the future of Tehran metropolitan area and then introduce the model of governance and integrated management in the form of neoregionalism approach. The findings of the research show that the continuation of the current trends presents a vague future in front of the development and management indicators of the urban area of Tehran, and the gradual implementation of the steps of neo-regionalism from an easy approach to (stopping anti-regionalism measures), a moderate approach (plan transitions), the difficult approach (implementation of the main programs of regionalism) is very necessary and a kind of main and strategic policy.

Background: Omeprazole is metabolized predominantly by CYP2C19, a polymorphically expressed enzymes that show marked interindividual and interethnic variation. These variations cause a substantial differences that have been reported in the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of omeprazole in a random Iranian population.Methods: From the 20 subjects, only 17 healthy unrelated individuals of either sex (9 females age range 22-24 years) participated in the study. After an overnight fasting, a sample of blood was collected. The subjects received a single oral dose of 40 mg capsule of omeprazole (losec) and blood samples were taken up to 8 hours. Omeprazole was analyzed by the HPLC method and population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using population pharmacokinetic modelling software P-Pharm.Results: The mean value for apparent plasma clearance (CL/F) was 20.8±6.9 (L.h-1). The corresponding value for apparent volume of distribution (V/F), and t1/2 beta were 21.6±7.5 (L) and 0.8±0.3 (h), respectively. A comparison of the weight normalized V/F and CL/F of omeprazole between males and females revealed that both parameters were significantly higher in females than males (p≤0.03).Conclusion: These results show a substantial interindividual variability in omeprazole pharmacokinetics and this might affect the therapeutic effects of omeprazole as reported previously.