Introduction & Objective: Osteoporosis is a worldwide public health problem and has an increasing prevalence. In women rapid bone mass loss at beginning of menopause due to estrogen deficiency is established. This is a pilot study to estimate the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in Postmenopausal women.Materials & Methods: In this observational and cross-sectional study, we studied 502 post menopausal women that admitted consecutively to only bone densitometry center of Yazd between 2002 and 2003. We excluded whom with diagnosis of osteoporosis, chrollic, metabolic and bone disease, previous oopherectomy/hysterectomy and consumption of bone metabolism affected drugs. A questionnaire containing of demographic data was completed. lumbar spine and femoral region bone density was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the Doctor Mojibian Hospital, YAZO, by only one educated technician.  Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 11.5 and wit Chi Square, Anova and Kappa tests.Results: We studied 502 post menopausal women between 50 to 85 years old and with mean age of 60.78± 7.05 year. The results of the bone mineral density (BMD) in gm/cm2 were compared to the peak bone density (P6D) in healthy young women (T-score). Based on the definition of World Health Organization (WHO), the T-score value was considered for analysis. Accordingly, 138 (27.5%) subjects showed normal result, while 261 (52%) subjects showed osteopenia, 103 (20.5%) subject showed osteoporosis due to L2-L4 spine BMD. On the other hand, 70 (13.94%) subjects showed normal result, while 216 (43.03%) subjects showed osteopenia, 216 (43.03%) subject showed osteoporosis due to femoral region BMD. Only 261 (52%) of cases showed one diagnosis in both regions and others (241 cases, 48%) had different diagnosis based on measured region.Conclusions: Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common among Postmenopausal women in YAZD and in extent, similar to Saudi Arabia and should be considered as a matter of public hearth. Bone densitometry should be used to assess the severity of bone loss, identify those who need therapy and for follow up and early diagnosis of those with osteopenla in order to institute proper therapy and avoid future osteoporosis.

Numerous clinical studies have shown bisphoshonates (BPs) to be useful and cost-effective options for the fractures prevention and Postmenopausal bone loss. The use of oral bisphoshonates is an established option for management of osteoporosis in Postmenopausal women, but many of them complaint from gastrointestinal side effect or frequently dosed oral regimens. To improve upon the suboptimal therapeutic compliance in Postmenopausal women, newer, longer-acting intravenous formulations of BPs has been approved for intermittent administration in Postmenopausal women. These preparations would become an option for patients who can not tolerate oral BPs or it was ineffective in increasing their bone density.This article proposed to review effectiveness and tolerability of intravenous BPs in Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is one of the complaints of women during menopause. Various diseases such as endometrial atrophy, polyps, and endometrial cancers may lead to Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. This report describes a case of Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding caused by pregnancy. A 54‑ year‑ old woman referred to the prenatal clinic in Arak, Iran, with Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding in 2018. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed an uterine pregnancy. At 28 weeks of gestation, she referred to the health center and her prenatal care began in the midwifery clinic. She gave birth to a baby girl at 34 weeks through a cesarian section. This case reminds practitioners and midwives that pregnancy may be one of the etiologies of Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding especially in women with sexual activity. Therefore, a free beta‑ subunit human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone measurement should be conducted and if found to be elevated, followed by appropriate imaging tests.