Due to their effect on human health, rapid, sensitive, and accurate methods for detecting foodborne bacterial pathogens are becoming increasingly important. There are more than 250 types of bacterial foodborne disease, including more than 90% of outbreaks of foodborne illness worldwide, which is considered to be one of the greatest threats to public health.  Among the diagnostic methods, electrochemical biosensors have features that make them very efficient in designing and manufacturing biosensors. Potentiometric biosensors have been recognized for their effectiveness in detecting analytes with low cost, ease of use, and simple instrumentation. This article reviews key advances in potentiometric biosensors of foodborne bacterial pathogens. The categorization of different potentiometric biosensors is done on the basis of various foodborne bacterial pathogens involving Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium.

Gadolinium is a rare earth element with various applications, which has led to the distribution of water-soluble compounds of this element and has subsequently, increased the chances of exposure of humans and animals to Gd3+. Given the effects this can have on human and animal health the analysis of gadolinium compounds has become more important and ion-selective electrodes constitute a set of versatile tools for this purpose. The manuscript tends to provide an overview on the elective polymeric membrane electrodes for the analysis of Gd3+ and their performance.

The interaction of organic cation Amprolium with methyl orange was investigated with the help of thermal studies. The thermolysis of IA Amprolium with methyl orange begins at 20 ° C and is characterized by the fact that the molecule of ammonia is released at the first stage at a temperature of 50 ° C. In the process of thermolysis no sulfur is released, and we observe a slight exoeffect at 220 ° C. Then we observe a small endoeffect at 260 ° C. The mass loss at this stage is 34%, which may correspond to the allocation of NH3, SO2, CO and N2, which were identified by qualitative reactions. At the last stage, within the limits of 440-680 ° C, combustion of IA occurs, which is accompanied by an exothermic effect at a temperature of 485, 610 ° C and endothermic at 520 ° C with a significant loss in mass. These slightly soluble associates were used as electrode active substances (EAS) in plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes of ion-selective electrodes (ISE), sensitive to organic cation Amprolium. The influence of the nature of plasticizer on the basic electroanalytical characteristics in the system is investigated. The following organic solvents with corresponding dielectric constant (ε ) and Rorschneider polarity (PR) were investigated as membrane plasticizers: diethyl phtalate (8. 15; 40), dibutyl phtalate (6. 1-6. 4; 38), dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl phtalate (5. 1; 30), dinonyl phtalate (4. 47; 26), tricresyl phosphate (6. 7-7; 25). The results of the study of the electroanalytical properties of the sensors developed by the nature of the plasticizer indicate that the best plasticizer for the system is TFC or DNP. For these solvents work of size of the dielectric constant and the Rorschneider polarity are 123. 5 and 175, respectively. For plasticizers which appeared less more effective (DBP and DEP) these sizes are 235. 6 and 326, accordingly. For membranes with identical content of plasticizer of one homological row (DEP, DBP, DOP, DNF), the Nernstian slope diminishes with growth of dielectric constant of solvent-plasticizer The pH working range of the sensors based on ion associates with methyl orange are 5. 5-10. 0 respectively. The linearity ranges of the electrode are in the range 6. 3×10-5– 1×10-1 mol/L, and the function slope is 28-35 mV/decade. The efficiency of the use of sensor for determination of Amprolium in pharmaceuticals was shown.

The key role of developing new and effective analytical tools and techniques for various species need not be discussed. Furthermore, reviewing the trends dominating the development of such tools and techniques can be of great importance to those active in the research and development areas. In designing an electrochemical sensor, finding a suitable selectophore is very important. In potentiometric ion-selective sensors, ionophores play a significant role in the selective response of the sensor. Besides the ionophore, other components of the electrode can improve the response. This review article tends to focus on the development of samarium ion electrodes over the past decades to provide researchers in the area of selective electrochemical analysis with a better insight into one of the various areas of electrochemical sensor development. Accordingly, the history of the development of potentiometric ion-selective sensors for samarium ions, with details on the ionophores, compositions, and electrochemical properties thereof has been provided.

Ranitidine ion-selective membrane electrodes were fabricated from PVC matrix and ranitidine hydrochloride (RNH-HCl)-phosphotungestic acid (PTA) as the detecting components in the existence of di-n-octyl phthalate (DOPH), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBPH) and dibutyl phosphate (DBP) as the solvent mediator and plasticizing the PVC membrane. The electrodes were prepared with DOPH (electrode 1), and DBPH (electrode 2) gave a Nernstian, stable, and rapid response, which displayed linear response in the concentration range of 1.0×10-6-1.0×10-2 mol.L-1 and 2.03×10-6-1.0×10-2 mol.L-1, with Nernstian slope of 58.73, and 52.50 mV.decade-1 for electrode 1 and electrode 2 respectively. Limits of detection 9.30×10-7 and 3.70×10-7 mol.L-1 for electrodes 1 and 2, respectively were also obtained. Individual electrodes were operative at the pH range of 3.0-5.5 and 3.5-5.5. The membrane electrodes showed excellent selectivity for the drug ranitidine in comparison with various inorganic cations. The electrodes showed a cycle of 55,50 days not including major variations in the parameters of the electrodes. Sensor 3 was given a non-Nernstian response equal to 28.76 mV.decade-1 and the range of concentration was   2.0×10-6-1.0×10-2 mol.L-1 with a limit of detection near 3.68×10-7 mol.L-1. Ranitidine can be determined effectively in unmixed and pharmaceutical formulations using these designated methods.

Wearable potentiometric ion sensors (WPISs) have emerged as exciting analytical platforms that combine chemical, material, and electronic advancements to provide physiological information during various human activities. The real possibility of wearing an analytical device with diverse configurations, such as sweatbands, patches, or garments, without disturbing the wearer's comfort has enabled potentiometric ion sensors to serve as both healthcare monitoring and improve the performance of athletes.

In this study, a selective and sensitive ion-selective liquid membrane electrode based on 2-benzamidopropanoic acid to the determination of chromium (III) was prepared. This electrode exhibits a Nernstian response for chromium (III) ions over a concentration range (0. 3´ 10-1 to 1. 0´ 10-5 mol/L) with a slope of 22. 3 mV per decade. The limit of detection of the electrode was 8. 0×10-6 mol/L. The sensor has a relatively fast response time (<10 s) and a useful working pH range of 3. 5– 8. 0. Interference of some cations was also evaluated. The practical utility of the chromium (III) ion sensor has been demonstrated by using it as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of chromium (III) with EDTA and for direct determination of chromium (III) in tea and cacao powder samples. Finally, the effect of ionic liquid of 1-Methyl-3-Pentylimidazolium bromide as an ionic additive was investigated.

Granisetron content of some pharmaceutical tablets was determined using a novel all-solid-state polymeric-membrane-electrode (ASS-PME) having a sensing element functioning based on an ion-exchange mechanism. The best results were observed with ASS-PMEs containing 8% GST-tetrakis (p-chlorophenyl) borate as the ion-pair, 56% of dibutyl phthalate, 31% of poly(vinyl chloride), 3% of an ionic liquid and 2% of KpClTPB. The ASS element of the device was a conductive composite of graphite, MWCNTs, and an epoxy resin coated on a copper wire, and the PVC membranes were coated on the ASS. The ASS-PME showed a Nernstian response of 58. 1± 0. 2 mV/decade over the range of 1. 0×10-6 to 1. 0×10-3 M. The application of the device was validated and the method was found to be applicable in the analysis of Granisetron hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.