SILVER HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY, ELECTRONICS, PHOTOS, VIDEOS AND MAKING FUNGICIDES. THUS, DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNT OF SILVER ION IS NECESSARY [1]. MORE SENSITIVE TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE SEPARATION AND PRECONCENTRATION. ...

LEAD IONS (PB2+) IS ONE OF THE MOST METALLIC POLLUTANTS, POSES A SEVER RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT AND CAUSE VARIOUS NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS, SUCH AS MEMORY LOSS, RENAL MALFUNCTION, IRRITABILITY, ANEMIA AND METAL RETARDATION, ESPECIALLY TO CHILDREN. ...

A SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE USING MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCNTS) AS SORBENTS COMBINED WITH UV SPECTROMETRY WAS DEVELOPED FOR PRECONCENTRATION AND DETERMINATION OF TRIFLUOPERAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE...

BACKGROUND: PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE IS A SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUG. IT CAN BE USED AS A NASAL DECONGESTANT. THE DRUGS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES ARE TOO DILUTED AND THE MATRIX IN THIS MEDIUM IS TOO COMPLEX. THEREFORE, A SAMPLE PREPARATION STEP IS NECESSARY TO EXTRACT TRACE AMOUNT OF THESE DRUGS FROM THE BIOLOGICAL MEDIUM, BRING THE ANALYTES TO A SUITABLE CONCENTRATION LEVEL, AND REMOVE THEM FROM INTERFERING COMPONENTS IN THE MATRIX [1]. DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION (DLLME) WAS INTRODUCED BY REZAEE IN 2006. IN THIS METHOD EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIUM IS QUICKLY ACHIEVED, DUE TO THE EXTENSIVE SURFACE CONTACT BETWEEN THE DROPLETS OF THE EXTRACTION SOLVENT AND THE AQUEOUS SAMPLE. THEREFORE, THE EXTRACTION TIME IS VERY SHORT. DLLME HAS POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES WHICH INCLUDE THE SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION AND PRECONCENTRATION OF TARGET ANALYTE, COST EFFECTIVENESS, SIMPLICITY AND RAPIDITY OF OPERATION, LOW CONSUMPTION OF SOLVENT AND REAGENT, HIGH ENRICHMENT FACTOR AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENIGNITY [2].METHODS: IN THIS WORK, 5 ML OF STANDARD SOLUTION CONTAINING 50 MG L-1 (PH 5.0) OF PHENYLEPHRINE AND 0.6 MMOL L-1 OF SDS WAS POURED IN TO A CONICAL TUBE. THEN 50 ML OF 1-OCTANOL (EXTRACTION SOLVENT) WAS RAPIDLY INJECTED IN TO THE AQUEOUS SAMPLE BY SYRINGE. THE TUBE WAS IMMERSED IN TO AN ULTRASONIC BATH FOR 8 MIN AT 25OC. A CLOUDY SOLUTION WAS FORMED IN THE TEST TUBE, IN FACT PHENYLEPHRINE IN AQUEOUSE SAMPLE WAS EXTRACTED IN TO THE FINE DROPLETS OF 1-OCTANOL. THE MIXTURE WAS CENTRIFUGED AND DISPERSED FINE DROPLETS OF THE EXTRACTION PHASE WERE COLLECTED ON THE TOP OF THE TUBE, THEN 10 ML OF COLLECTED PHASE WAS DIRECTLY INJECTED IN TO HPLC FOR ANALYSIS. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, SUCH AS THE TYPE AND VOLUME OF EXTRACTION SOLVENT, THE CONCENTRATION OF SURFACTANT, EXTRACTION TIME, TYPE AND VOLUME OF BUFFER AND PH WERE OPTIMIZED.RESULTS: UNDER THE OPTIMAL CONDITIONS, LINEARITY RANG WAS OBTAINED FROM 0.5-50 NG/ML (R=0.9997), DETECTION OF LIMIT WAS 0.2 NG/ML AND RSD (N=8) FOR 5 AND 35 NG/ML OF PHENYLEPHRINE WAS OBTAINED 4% AND 2.5% RESPECTIVELY.CONCLUSION: THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REVEALED THAT THIS METHOD PROVIDES HIGH RECOVERY AND PRECONCENTRATION FACTOR WITHIN A SHORT TIME AND GOOD LINEARITY OVER THE INVESTIGATED CONCENTRATION RANGE. THEREFORE, DLLME IS USEFUL FOR DETERMINATION PHENYLEPHRINE IN BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL SAMPLE.

BACKGROUND: DIAZINON (O, O-DIETHYL O- [4-METHYL-6- (PROPAN-2-YL) PYRIMIDIN-2-YL] PHOSPHOROTHIOATE) IS AN ANTICHOLINESTERASE ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE, WHICH IS COMMONLY USED AGAINST INSECTS IN AGRICULTURE AND ALSO FOR CONTROLLING SILVERFISH, COCKROACHES, AND ANTS IN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS [1]. DIAZINON FUNCTIONS AS AN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACHE) INHIBITOR. THE INHIBITION OF THIS ENZYME CAUSES AN ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT AT MUSCARINIC, NICOTINIC, AND CENTRAL SITES RESULTS IN THE TOXIC EFFECTS SUCH AS HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, CONVULSIONS, DELIRIUM, AND DEPRESSION [2].METHODS: IN THE PRESENT STUDY A SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE) METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DIAZINON IS DESCRIBED. THIS STUDY INTRODUCES A NOVEL METHOD OF SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE), PRE-CONCENTRATION AND REVERSEDPHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF DIAZINON FROM AN AQUEOUS MEDIUM BY CARBON BLACK PARTICLES AS AN ADSORBENT. RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT CARBON BLACK IS QUITE EFFICIENT FOR EXTRACTION AND PRECONCENTRATION OF TRACES OF DIAZINON AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.30 MG OF CARBON BLACK ADSORBENT WEIGHTED EXACTLY WAS LOADED IN COLUMN LENGTH OF 10 CM EXTRACTION. DIAZINON SOLUTION WAS PASSED THROUGH AT THIS IS COLUMN EXTRACTION. THEN ELUTED WITH 1 ML METANOL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, FINALLY 20 ML OF ELUTED SOLUTION INJECTED TO HPLC. THESE TESTS INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF PARAMETERS SUCH AS PH, BUFFER AND ITS VOLUME, ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION, COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF THE DESORBING SOLVENT, ACCEPTED TOLERABLE VOLUME, AMOUNT OF ADSORBENT AND EVIDENCE OF SOME CO-EXISTING IONS ON PRECONCENTRATION AND DETERMINATION OF DIAZINON.RESULTS: THE METHOD SHOWED GOOD LINEARITY FOR DETERMINATION OF THESE COMPOUNDS IN THE RANGE OF 7-700 NG ML-1 WITH REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS BETTER THAN 0.9986. THE PROPOSED METHOD WAS SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED TO DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNT OF DIAZINON IN WATER AND COMMERCIAL OXIDANT SAMPLES.CONCLUSION: A NEW SPE METHOD FOR PRECONCENTRATION OF DIAZINON. THIS METHOD WAS SUCCESSFULLY USED FOR DETERMINATION OF DIAZINON IN VARIOUS SAMPLES. THE LOD OF THE METHOD IS BETTER THAN.

BACKGROUND: SULFAMETHOXAZOLE (SMX) HAS BEEN EMPLOYED AS AN ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIBIOTIC DRUG. IT IS USED COMMONLY IN COMBINATION WITH TRIMETHOPRIM [1, 2]. IN THIS WORK, AN EFFICIENT SELECTIVE METHOD FOR CLEAN-UP, PRECONCENTRATION AND DETERMINATION OF SULFAMETHOXAZOLE BASED ON THE COMBINATION OF EXTRACTION WITH THE MAGNETIC MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMER NANOPARTICLES (MMIPNPS) AND ANALYSIS VIA DIODE ARRAY SPECTROPHOTOMETER WAS DEVELOPED...