Background: The literature speculates that there may be a relationship between cognitive capacities and levels of fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), which has been under reported. This study has investigated one aspect of cognition by evaluating the association between Problem-solving ability and the severity of fatigue. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was used to investigate the association between levels of Problem-solving ability and degrees of fatigue severity. Eighty-five participants living in the city of Shiraz, Iran, completed Cassidy Problem-solving Inventory (PSI) and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Pearson’ s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze the data. Results: Problem-solving was inversely associated with fatigue (r =-0. 381, P = 0. 009), whereby higher levels of Problem-solving ability were associated with lower degrees of fatigue. Conclusion: The results of this study contributed to the ongoing debate about the linkage between cognition and fatigue in people with MS, suggesting an association between Problem-solving ability and fatigue severity. A possible implication would be the importance of Problem-solving training for people with MS.

Background & Aims A direct relationship between infertility in women and their exposure to domestic violence has been reported, and several interventions have been suggested to reduce the exposure to violence in infertile women. The current study aims to assess the effect of Problem-solving skill training (PSST) on the exposure of Iranian infertile women to domestic violence. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design using a control group, which was conducted in the infertility clinic of Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A total of 80 infertile women who had experienced domestic violence participated in this study. The samples were selected using a convenience sampling method and were divided into two groups of intervention (n=40) and control (n=40) by the block randomization method. The intervention group received PSST online at 4 sessions per week each for 2 hours. The samples were followed up two months after training. To collect data, a demographic and obstetric form and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CST2) were used. Data analysis was done in SPSS v. 16 software by using t-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon test. Results Totally, 38 participants in the control group and 34 in the intervention group were followed up. Physical assault, psychological aggression, sexual coercion, sustained injury, and the negotiation did not show significant differences between the two groups before and after intervention (P>0. 05). The mean of psychological aggression significantly increased after the intervention in both control (P=0. 001) and intervention (P=0. 026) groups. Conclusion PSST do not cause a significant difference in exposure to domestic violence between intervention and control groups of infertile women. The increase in exposure to psychological aggression in both groups after PSST can be due to the coincidence of the study with the COVID-19 pandemic. Further studies are recommended to provide PSST by face-to-face method along with exercises and group activities and teaching other skills such as communication skills.

Objectives: This study was carried out to compare the personality traits, personality disorders, and problemsolving strategies in self-introduced addicts and the normal population. Method: 50 self-introduced addicts, who had presented for the first time to the addicts’ health center in the city of Rasht, Iran, were compared to 50 normal subjects who were matched on some demographic characteristics in a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were gathered using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory- Revised (NEO-FFI-R), the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II), and Problem-solving Strategies Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and multi-factor analysis of variance. Results: Addicts scored higher than normal people on the measure of neuroticism (N), and lower on measures of agreeableness (A), openness (O), and conscientiousness (C) (p<0.05). No significant difference was showed on the measure of extraversion (E) between the two groups. There was a significant difference in most measures of personality disorder between the self-introduced addict group and the normal group; with the addict group scoring higher in these measures (p<0.05). Moreover, addicts, in comparison with normal individuals used non-constructive Problem-solving strategies such as avoidance and helplessness (p<0.05). Conclusion: An assessment of the three over-lapping areas of personality traits, problems, and disorders in addicts contributes important information for a better differentiation and definition of addicts and has implications for their treatment.

Introduction: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders, and its treatment is very important. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) based on Dugas' model focuses on the causative agents of this disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CBT based on Dugas' model on negative problem orientation and Problem-solving in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: In this study in 2020, 30 patients with GAD diagnosis were selected by multi-stage cluster method from psychological clinics in Isfahan, Iran. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90-minute CBT based on Dugas' model. Due to the drop in sample, 24 subjects in the pre-test and post-test stages fulfilled Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire (NPOQ), and Heppner Problem Solving Inventory (PSI). Finally, the results were analyzed using the SPSS-21 and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results of MANCOVA showed that there was generally a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of negative problem orientation and Problem-solving (P< 0. 01). Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Dugas' model, is effective in improving negative problem orientation and Problem-solving in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.