Qoheston is a region in the southeastern Khorasan which includes Kashmar, Tabas, Ferdos, Birjand, Qaen, Torbate Haidarie, Khaf and Taibad cities. This region is surrounded by Sabzevar and Nishaboor from north, central desert from west, Sistan and Kerman from south and Naomid plains from east. In addition to the geographical and climatic characteristics of the region the abundance of historical castles characterizes it from the other parts of Iran. This paper aims at study political, social, economic and geographical history of the Qohestan in order to understand the Qohestan culture. Moreover, the functionality of the castles the as well as the position and distribution of the castles also were studied.

Introduction Qohestan, a province in southern Khorasan with Qaen as its center, boasts a history dating back to at least the Sassanid period. This rich historical background has prompted numerous studies on the region, particularly on the history of Qaen and Qohestan. Many of these works delve into the etymology of the province's name, offering various interpretations. Some suggest it stems from a transformation of the word Gavīn (meaning ‘cow’), others link it to Qabil (the son of Adam), and some attribute it to a Mongol origin. However, these interpretations appear inaccurate. Qaen predates the Arab and Semitic cultural influences in the region, rendering the Mongol origin hypothesis implausible. Similarly, the idea that Qohestan derives from the word Quh—attributed to the presence of qanats in the area—lacks merit. The water system in Qohestan was not significantly different from its neighboring regions, nor did it feature a greater number of qanats. The broader historical changes, such as the region’s rise and decline, its renaming, and the relocation of its capital, remain topics of scholarly debate. This study aims to explore the etymology of Qaen and Qohestan while shedding light on the primary factors behind the region's historical transformations. Methodology This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to critically evaluate previous research. It relies on library-based research to investigate the etymology of the names Qaen and Qohestan, as well as to explore the factors contributing to the region's prosperity, decline, and shifts in its administrative center.Findings and Conclusion The repeated invasions and occasional dominance of foreign powers in Iranian territory have led to significant cultural intermixing and the influence of foreign cultural elements. One prominent result of this cultural exchange is the variety of narratives surrounding the etymology and attribution of many Iranian cities to Greek, Semitic, or Mongol myths and figures. This article examines how these influences shaped the etymology of the city of Qaen. While the history of Qaen and the broader Qohestan region predates the Arab Muslim conquest (circa 30 AH), Islamic sources often attributed the etymology of Qaen to Semitic myths, with some even proposing a Mongol origin. However, historical evidence suggests that the name Qaen, referred to as ‘Kayen’ in Sassanid-era sources, originates from the term ‘Karen’. Karen was the name of a prominent family in pre-Islamic Iran, known for its influence across various regions, including Qohestan. This family likely played a key role in founding or developing the city of Qaen. Additionally, the term ‘Kohestan’ was historically used to describe several provinces or regions in pre-Islamic Iran, all characterized by their mountainous terrain. After the advent of Islam, this term evolved into ‘Quhestan’ or ‘Qohestan’, retaining its original meaning of a ‘mountainous region’.An analysis of events during the early years of the Arab conquest reveals that the absence of references to the capital and other districts of Qohestan until the fourth century AH likely stemmed from the resistance of the Qohestani people to Arab control and the widespread devastation caused by the conquest. The hereditary rule of the Simjuri family over the province during the Samanid period (287–395 AH) marked a turning point in the region’s revival. This era saw the formation of Greater Qohestan through the annexation of provinces such as Tabas and Turshiz, as well as the emergence of its districts in historical sources from the fourth century. The Ismaili dominance over Qohestan in the latter half of the fifth century, characterized by repeated conflicts with the Seljuks and significant destruction—particularly in Qaen and Turshiz—further shaped the region’s trajectory. Despite these challenges, the Ismaili policy toward the Mongols shielded the area from Mongol invasions, transforming it into a refuge for those fleeing Mongol massacres. However, this protection ended with the establishment of the Ilkhanid dynasty. Under Hulagu Khan, Qohestan became a target for invasions, resulting in widespread massacres, particularly in the city of Tun. Following the fall of the Ismailis, Qohestan was freed from continuous conflicts with neighboring powers, and conditions for reconstruction began to improve. This resurgence was facilitated by the Ilkhans, who designated the region as a hereditary domain for a Mongol family. During the Timurid period, Qohestan experienced a second wave of prosperity. The prominence of the Qaeni family within the Timurid administration brought increased attention and investment to the region. Additionally, the transfer of the Timurid capital from Samarkand to Herat provided economic and social benefits to neighboring areas, including Qohestan. However, the decline of the Timurid dynasty, marked by the capital's relocation from Herat to western Iran and the constant incursions of the Uzbeks in eastern Iran, pushed Qohestan into a state of decline. The Safavid policy of granting independence to various cities within Qohestan further fragmented the region, ultimately leading to the collapse of its unity and the disappearance of the name "Qohestan" from common usage.A major transformation in the region occurred during the early years of the hereditary rule of the Alam family, under the reign of Nader Shah Afshar (1148–1160 AH), when the provincial capital was relocated from Qaen to Birjand, and the province was renamed from Qaen to Qaenat. Several factors likely influenced this decision, the most prominent being the Alam family’s origins in Sarbisheh, near Birjand, and Birjand’s more central location within the province. This strategic positioning ensured a safer distance from neighboring provinces, such as the hereditary domains of Tabas, Torbat-e Heydariyeh, and Herat. The transfer of the capital to Birjand spurred the settlement’s growth into a relatively large city, while simultaneously reducing the prominence of Qaen, which became the province’s secondary city.

Valuable studies have been conducted in recent years to collect water from impermeable urban levels in some parts of the country. Nevertheless, the background of the studies in this field has been poor in south Khorasan province, Iran. This study aims to help urban planners and managers to recognize the potential of water harvesting. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the sub-catchment covered by the rock outcrops playing an important role in runoff production. This work was carried out via the modeling of runoff by empirical methods and the SWMM model in Qaen urban watershed. Accordingly, it is possible to determine the amount of water available for supplemental irrigation of the urban green space and thereby provide a suitable extension pattern for similar areas. The irrigation in the urban park is done by well, which is a major problem for Qaen, as an arid area. About 54% (248. 4 ha) of the basin surface has been populated by the 90% rock outcrops that has high runoff potential and can be useful in planning in terms of high potential of runoff production. Considering the existing facilities and the number of park trees, an approach is needed. The water shortage for supplemental irrigation of this park will compensate, if only 10% of the annual runoff equivalent to 11800 m3 can be harvested and stored during the months with no precipitation.

The toponyms used to name a large area in ​​the western half of Iran, from the fall of the Sassanids to the rise of the Safavids, experienced many changes in the social and political-administrative arena, and were reflected in different ways in the writings produced at this point. In Islamic historiography, these toponyms were also used alternately, and historians used them to address the geographical area they were considering. The main question of the upcoming research is how the names Jebal, Qohestan and Iraq-e Ajam appeared in various historians' writings and how they were used. The research approach of this article is based on thick description. The research findings indicate that in the opinion of Islamic historians, Jebal (approximately) was used as a common toponym for a wide area in ​​the western half of Iran in the third century. Gradually and without having a specific definition and limitation, it became popular in all kinds of historical writings and replaced the ancient toponyms of the region such as Mah and Pahle, but in the next century, due to the political developments in the region and the importance of some cities such as Ray and Isfahan, the city became central to the attitude of many Historians prevailed and did not allow Jebal to spread as a common toponym. Also, the name Qohestan, which was the Persian translation of Jebal, became popular in Persian writings at this time and added to the confusion. In the sixth century, the toponym of Iraq-e Ajam, gradually made its way in the writings of historians; But due to the flourishing of general historiography in the 8th and 9th centuries of Hijri, which were provided based on the sources of the third to the sixth century of Hijri, the toponyms of Jebal and Qohestan, while they were almost forgotten in the social and political-administrative arena, also came to life in the writings of Persian historians. They continued, of course, the historians of Egypt and the Levant were largely left out of this mess.

Qohestan has been the focus of the Ismailia sect due to its strategic location and location on the communication routes, mountainous geographical background, distance from the caliphate, and rich mineral resources. In this region, 48 castles are identified from this era, most of which were built on the heights and peaks of the mountains. The structure of such castles is based on the geographic scope and landscape of mountains and ridges, and geographical factors were influential in creating these castles. This article analyzes the hierarchical and the central Place of Ismailia castles according to environmental and geographical factors. In this analysis, environmental factors such as distance from water sources and roads, type of land use, altitude above sea level, the height of castles from the surface of the surrounding land, location of castles concerning the degree of slope and direction, type of soil, precipitation, and type of climate are used. According to the statistical analysis using the Arc Gis and Spss software and cluster method, it is determined that there is a three-ranked pattern with the centrality of the Kal Hassan Sabah Castle, the Kohan Dezh Castle of Nehbandan, and the Ferdous Castle Mount among the Ismailia castles in Qohestan, and the texts and historical sources also confirm it to some extent. Most of the Ismailia castles are in the second rank. The second group is castles, which are less critical regarding geographical features than the first group and are in second place regarding their location in the geographical and environmental landscape. Ismailia castles are much bigger and broader than other castles, and in addition to having purely defensive functions, they also have residential, welfare, and other functions. For this reason, they were built on top of a high peak in Khorasan and the Alborz Mountain range. The third group (lowest rank), which has only one castle named Zari Castle, is ranked third in the cluster analysis because of its small size, low altitude from the sea level, and low height from the surrounding lands. The importance of this castle is because it is located a short distance from the Zari copper mine, and it is one of the ancient mines from which copper and gold were extracte. Perhaps because of gold mining, it was called Zari Castle, and the duty of this castle was to protect the mining and smelting of copper or gold. The patterns of the central place and hierarchy of castles seem to be correctly expressed by statistical analysis because historical sources and texts also confirm a three-rank pattern among castles.

Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi wrote Akhlaq-e Naseri to comply with a demand made by Naser al-Din "Abdulrahim, the ruler of Qohestan, when he was in Isma" iliah castle. This book contains some discussions concerning ethics, economics, and political philosophy. The writer of this paper believes that no other book on practical wisdom in the field of Islamic, culture can compete with this book in terms of comprehensiveness and accuracy. Mohaqqeq Tusi exercised the same meticulousness concerning the issues in practical wisdom that he did regarding the writing of his scientific books, such as Almagest's Euclid, and those on logic or theoretical wisdom. The writer believes that Akhlaq-e Naseri is an invaluable book and should be taught to students of philosophy and theology at universities.

Qoohestan is the Arabic of Kohestan and is the short form of Kuhestan and it includes regions such as Ghaein, Tarshiz, khaf,Bakharz, Gonabad, Tabas Gilaki,Tabas Anab (mesinan) ,Bakharz, Khosf, Zam and Zave. It’s main parts of course, are south Khorasan and some cities of Khorosan –E-razavi, Yazd and the present Isfahan and cnnter of this state was Ghaein. In spite of being a part of great Khorasan in its political and official structure, its mentioned a geographically unique and independent part on its own. For natural reasons, it’s geographical condition (in strategic location of cross way of north, south, east and west), the presence of different religious and racial groups in this region has always been of importance. Qohestan in the beginning of Islamic era was known as the gate of Khorasan and was considered an important way to control states such as Khorasan, Sistan and Kerman and hence was of importance to Islamic geographical and historical experts who gave detailed reports of this region’s architecture and its elements. This research is an attempt to depict a general image of the architecture of this region in the third to the fifth century .A.H based on historical and geographical texts while paying attention to its different elements (location and situation, internal and external atmosphere, the propose of the building,typs of material and an introduction to some notable works of architecture). This research is an attempt to answer an important question which is, what was the role and the situation of architecture in Qoahestan region from the third to the fifth century .A.H based on historical sources? The present research is based on an analytical-definitional approach and has been conducted based on library sources.

In the Esmaeili forts, although the living conditions were not very favorable and most of the time they went to war and conflict and defended them against the central power, but nevertheless, all kinds of arts, especially pottery, maintained their artistic degree and prestige. The fifth to seventh centuries, which coincided with the rise of the Seljuks and then the Khwarezmshahs, reached its peak. In the field of pottery, in addition to new styles in production, technique and decoration, the heritage of the past was used and not forgotten. In this article, the pottery of the added role of Qayen Mountain Castle, which is located 2. 5 km southeast of Qayen city, is studied. This fort is one of the famous forts in Qohestan region )South Khorasan), which is important during the Islamic era, especially at the same time as the Esmaeili gained power in this region and its location is in an important communication area that extends from north Khorasan to south Khorasan. The pottery of the Islamic period obtained from this castle belongs to the Middle Ages )Seljuk) to the late Islamic )Safavid), however, most of the pottery belongs to the Islamic Middle Ages )fifth to eighth centuries), which in terms of decoration They are divided into glazed and unglazed groups. Among unglazed pottery, pottery with added role has a lot of abundance and variety. In fact, the importance of this type of pottery in the area of Qayen Mountain Castle, compared to other contemporary castles in the region, has caused this issue to be addressed. Pottery shows the connection between Iranian art over time. In examining the pottery motifs of Qaen Mountain Castle, these questions are: 1-What is the most important reason for attributing pottery with the added role of Qaen Mountain Castle to the Islamic Middle Ages )especially the Seljuk and Khwarezmshahi periods)? 2-What are the unique features of the added pottery patterns of Qayen Mountain Castle and can a special classification be considered for these motifs? Considering that few studies have been done in this regard so far, so this article tries to identify and classify the role of stamp additives in the pottery of Qayen Mountain, in a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach and based on objective observations andExamining the samples obtained during the demolition of Qayen Mountain Castle from 2006 to 2009 )about 3000 pieces) will give a logical answer to this question. The results show a very wide variety of motifs, dimensions and placement of the role of additives in the pottery of Qayen Mountain Castle, which can be combined with human designs of animal, plant and other phenomena. Features include sun, stars, crosses and geometric patterns. These decorations are mostly used to decorate the upper part of the body of pottery, and most of the motifs used in these samples are grooved )strip) geometric patterns on the body of the pottery and combine them with added patterns in a simple or combined form in They are arranged and arranged together.

Castles are strong and secure monuments built in the past on important points and roads. The geographical location of South Khorasan province in terms of natural features such as mountain ranges and low plains, has given a special identity to this region and the drought and the environment has created political instability, thereby creating a security architecture and aqueducts to adapt to the environment. Dastgerdan section is located in the western geographical area of South Khorasan province and due to special geographical Such as being located on the edge of the Lut Desert and being far from major urban and service centers, it has become an inaccessible area from government centers during various historical periods, it has many architectural works. In the archaeological survey of Dastgardan Tabas in 2015, castles from the Late Seljuk to early Pahlavi period have been identified that have not yet been studied the structure and function of each. It should be noted that the method of building castles in the region has influenced the architectural style of many buildings in this region, such as the use of towers and high fences. This paper is a descriptive-analytical approach based and it has been done by conducting field activities and referring to library sources such as historical sources of the Islamic period to explain and answer this question; Typology of castle architecture of Dastgerdan, based on performance and how the elements to be evaluated? Therefore, in this paper, it is attempted to analyze the important factors and factors in the formation of castles in the Dardgardan area. The purpose of this study is to know and study the physical structure of the architecture of Tabas Dastgerdan castles, their typology and chronology. A study of security buildings in the area shows, climatic conditions with vast desert areas and high places of refuge and socio-political developments due to the location of communication routes with the eastern borders and the vulnerability of the region during enemy attacks, as well as the distance from urban areas and the absence of a central government. The formation of the security architecture structure of the Dastgerdan section of Tabas has been influential in the Islamic period. The results indicate that security perception is one of the most influential concepts in shaping the fortresses of the area. Keywords: Castles, Architectural Structure, Function and Typology, Dastgardan Tabas.   Introduction The castle is one of the important biological centers known for its defensive elements. “The existence of safe havens, shelters and people’s resistance against foreign attacks should be considered as factors that have given cities a defensive role and put people together to counter and repel enemy attacks” (Shia, 2003: 11). Dastgardan section is located in the western geographical area of South Khorasan province. Among the architectural works left in Dastgardan, castles show more abundance. Castles are safe and strong structures that were built at key points and crossings. Hence, the geographical features of Dastgardan show that this area was located in the past, on the edge of Lut desert and eastern communication routes, and this situation has created special strategic conditions for it with political and social structure in the form of independent sovereignty and peasant rural population. By referring to the historical sources of the Islamic period (Hafez Abro, 1373: 1261), it can be seen that the Dastgardan region was located in the Qohestan area. Among the eastern regions of Iran, “Qohestan has characteristics that distinguish it from other neighboring regions throughout history, including its proximity to the eastern borders, its remoteness, and then its political isolation” (Daftari, 1996: 402). Due to the geographical location of the desert, the remoteness of the region has a direct impact on the process of the architectural structure of the region, and as a result, the most abundant architectural structures in the form of castles and towers have a security effect. As more than 18 healthy and semi-healthy castles have been identified in Dastgardan in the period from the late Seljuk period to the Qajar period and in this article 15 scientific studies have been studied. There were several other castles in this area that have been completely leveled today and only their names remain. The architecture of these structures is based on indigenous materials such as clay and stratification, in accordance with the climate of desert areas. Security is one of the most important concepts in shaping the body of castles in Dastgardan region. Common elements in Dastgardan security architecture such as tall and thick fences, cylindrical or conical towers, one or more gates and sometimes with a moat around the building are displayed. Many of the names and titles of the castles are derived from the name of the village in which they are located, and others belong to one or more of the owners of the building.   Typology and Functions of Dastgerdan Castles Looking at the division of types of defense fortifications based on climate (Sotoudeh, 1362: 14 and Pazuki-Troudi, 1376: 161), the castles of Dastgerdan region in two groups; A- Mountainous and B- Plain fortifications are divided. In general, the morphology of the fortifications of Dastgardan region in four groups; 1- Towers, 2- Mountain castles 3- Rural castles 4- Intermediate forts which are jointly understood with the two uses of Rabat and Qala. The effects of passive defense in the construction of Dastgardan and Abkhorg forts, which are evidence of the use of these two buildings in the Seljuk period, are more recognizable than other forts. In the discussion of the typology of castles in the region, the castle-village species can be seen in two villages of Dastgardan. According to surveys and aerial images, the two half-ruined castles are located near the villages of Dastgardan and Hodar. Arbab-serf castles can be seen in Dehkavir castles, Fathabad. The function of Abedi and Seyedi castles was to store grain in the village. He placed the two forts of Deh Mohammad and Pashnehdaran in the group of military forts.   Conclusion The importance and extent of each of the Dastgardan castles, depending on the climatic, political and social conditions, differ in design, materials, fortifications, number of towers and the size of each in the village. By simple definition, geographical conditions show structural differences in the design and type of materials of the mountain castle compared to the plains in the plain. Therefore, castles built on the plains are less strong. Also, from a social point of view, the proximity of some castles next to each other has increased the intensity of security in some villages and the face of rural development has changed based on the construction of different types of castles in the region. This is directly related to the numerous attacks of local invaders and insurgents in the eastern and border regions of Iran. In the forts of Dastgardan, the daughter of Abkhorg and Robat-e Deh Mohammad, the passive defense feature with large circular towers, a strong fence, a ditch and a lightning rod has made the necessary arrangements to stop the attacks of the enemies. This feature has affected the function of different types of castles in this area by analyzing and comparing the building elements such as towers, gates, spaces inside the castle, and how water is stored.

Abstract Akhlaq-e Naseri is one of the most significant Persian ethical texts. Written by Khaje Nasir al-Din Tusi in 633 AH, the book underwent slight revisions in the following decades. It gained widespread recognition during the author’s lifetime and has influenced numerous ethical works over the centuries. The text has been reprinted many times, especially in India. The most authoritative correction was conducted by Mojtaba Minovi and Alireza Heydari, who utilized five manuscripts from the seventh century AH for their work. In recent years, additional manuscripts of Akhlaq-e Naseri have come to light, the most notable being one dated 656 AH, which is housed in the Central Library and Documentation Center of Shiraz University. This manuscript predates all those used by the correctors and has been examined in detail for the first time in this study. Among its significant features are the presence of older vocabulary compared to the Minovi and Heydari correction, distinctive calligraphy, and diacritical marks for certain words. Through a thorough and comprehensive comparison of the text of Akhlaq-e Naseri as corrected by Minovi and Heydari with this manuscript, several noteworthy insights have emerged. Additionally, based on other sources, it has become evident that the corrected text and the accompanying explanations and glossaries in the printed edition require further revisions. While the 656 AH manuscript does not consistently offer the best records and contains various omissions and errors, this observation arises from comparisons with the Minovi and Heydari corrections. In conclusion, although Akhlaq-e Naseri as corrected by Minovi and Heydari retains considerable validity and value, it is essential to incorporate insights from older, previously unknown manuscripts and additional sources to facilitate necessary corrections to its contents. Keywords: Akhlaq-e Naseri, Khaje Nasir al-Din Tusi, Correction of Minovi & Heydari, Evaluation, Manuscripts Introduction Akhlaq-e Naseri, authored by Khaje Nasir al-Din Tusi (597-672 AH), is regarded as one of the most significant Persian works on ethics. Written in 633 AH, the text underwent two notable revisions approximately thirty years later. First, following the defeat of Hulegu Khan and the conquest of the Ismaili fortresses in 654 AH, the original introduction— which praised the Ismaili rulers and elders—was removed and replaced. Second, during the same revision, a brief commendation of Naser al-Din, the ruler of Qohestan, that appeared at the end of the book was also eliminated. In 663 AH, at the behest of a prominent figure named Jalal al-Davlat al-Din Abdul Aziz, Nasir al-Din added a chapter titled “On Respecting the Rights of Fathers and Mothers and Suffering from Their Disobedience” to the conclusion of the fourth chapter of the second article. The most authoritative correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri was undertaken by Mojtaba Minovi and Alireza Heydari. This corrected edition was first published by Kharazmi Publications in February 1977 and is now in its eighth edition. Given the importance of this work and Minovi's esteemed position in the field of Persian text correction, this article evaluates the text. Mojtaba Minovi is recognized as one of the foremost researchers and correctors of ancient Persian literature, having edited and published key texts such as Nowruz-nameh, Wis & Ramin, Kalileh and Demneh, and Sirat-e Jalal al-Din Mangburni. Alireza Heydari is also celebrated as a significant scholar and cultural figure in the realm of book publishing. In addition to this collaboration, he, alongside Mohammad Ali Movahed, corrected and published the Ebteda-Nameh of Sultan Valad. Materials & Methods The primary criterion for evaluating the correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri by Minovi and Heydari is the oldest known manuscript of this text, dated 656 AH. This manuscript predates all those utilized by the correctors and is currently housed in the Central Library and Documentation Center of Shiraz University. In this study, a comprehensive comparison of the entire printed text with this manuscript was conducted, along with the examination of other relevant sources. The following questions were addressed: Is the correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri by Minovi and Heydari still sufficiently valid? What issues can be identified in the critique of this correction? Can access to newly discovered manuscripts rectify any potential errors in the text? What is the validity of words that the correctors noted in their existing manuscripts but chose not to include in the final text? e) Finally, is there a need for another correction of this book? Research Findings Historical Context of Akhlaq-e Naseri: Akhlaq-e Naseri, authored by Khaje Nasir al-Din Tusi in 633 AH, stands as one of the most significant Persian ethical texts. The book gained prominence during Tusi's lifetime, undergoing slight revisions in the subsequent decades. It has influenced numerous ethical works over the centuries and has been reprinted multiple times, particularly in India. The authoritative correction by Mojtaba Minovi and Alireza Heydari relied on five manuscripts from the seventh century AH, with the most notable being a manuscript dated 656 AH, preserved in the Central Library and Documentation Center of Shiraz University. This manuscript, being older than those used by the correctors, was analyzed in detail for the first time in this study. Features of the 656 AH Manuscript: The 656 AH manuscript exhibits several noteworthy features, including older vocabulary compared to the Minovi and Heydari correction, distinct calligraphy, and diacritical marks for certain words. A thorough comparison of the text of Akhlaq-e Naseri, as corrected by Minovi and Heydari, with this manuscript has revealed significant insights. Corrections and Recommendations: The analysis indicates that while the corrections made by Minovi and Heydari are highly valid, the newly examined manuscript suggests necessary adjustments. Some of these adjustments include textual corrections based on the older manuscript and other sources, addressing incomplete or erroneous explanations, typographical errors, incorrect diacritics, and improper punctuation. Although the 656 AH manuscript does not always present the most accurate records and contains various omissions and errors, it still highlights the need for further revisions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri by Minovi and Heydari presents several positive aspects. Notably, the inclusion of a dictionary of Persian terms alongside their English equivalents is a significant feature. Both "The Glossary of Persian Words and Arabic Sentences" and "The Glossary of Defined Terms" are invaluable, complemented by the introduction and annotations. These elements greatly assist readers in navigating the complexities of the text. Moreover, the corrected version exhibits commendable accuracy and clarity, aligning scientifically with other esteemed corrections by Minovi. However, revisions are deemed necessary due to factors such as the passage of time, the emergence of new sources and manuscripts, and possibly Minovi's limited oversight during the final stages of publication. In this article, several corrections are proposed based on the examined manuscript and additional sources. These corrections fall into five categories: a) Textual corrections (utilizing the introduced manuscript or other textual evidence) Incomplete or inaccurate explanations Typographical errors Incorrect diacritics Improper use of punctuation marks