This research is based on explaining the relationship between globalization and al-qaeda. Author believes that al-qaeda as an anti-globalization terrorist movement does its activities against the U.S hegemony over the world especially Muslim world. From the other perspective al-qaeda uses professionally the globalization tools like information technology. Describing globalization and reactions against it, composes the first part of the article. Then author explains the conditions of Islamic countries in the era of globalization and also Muslim views about globalization. The last part is devoted to explaining the relationship between globalization and al-qaeda terrorism against U.S as the leader of globalization project.

The emergence of Al-Qaeda is regarded as a turning point in the history of Islamic radicalism. The organization has three generations. The central al-Qaeda was formed with the support of the US and its allies to fight against the USRR in Afghanistan. It altered its strategy after the defeat of the Union in Afghanistan and its withdrawal from the country. The new strategy was designed to support the World Islamic Front against the Jews and Crusader. The ideological roots of al-Qaeda and Daesh date back to Takfiri Salafi beliefs, originating from Wahhabism. After the US invasion of Afghanistan in Taliban period, and also its invasion to Iraq, al-Qaeda moved to Iraq and fought against the occupiers and Shia Muslims. Strategy alteration in Iraq’s al-Qaeda resulted in a new branch in the organization. Finally, the new branch emerged as Daesh. This paper, initially, studies the formation of al-Qaeda and the separation of Daesh from the organization. It then analyzes the dissimilarities between them in terms of their ideologies, organizations, and Jihad. Finally, it highlights their similarities.

Iraqi Al-Qaeda can be considered the most important non-governmental actor in Iraq, following the U.S. attack on this country. This group emerged as the most challenging group in opposing the political process in Iraq.It adopted a violent approach, but since 2007, it gradually began its downturn trend. This article tries to study the factors contributing to the rise and fall of Al-Qaeda in Iraq.Along these lines, the author first addresses the factors which contributed to the rise of this group and particularly increasing differences and conflicts among internal groups in Iraq as well as opposition made by Sunni groups. Then, while explaining the goals, strategies and performance of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, the author discusses the factors contributing to its weakness including reactions made by the majority of Sunni groups against it.

Extended Abstract: Introduction: Fundamentalism means at attempt to revive religious values and also confront ideologies and modern desires and secularism. The fundamentalists involve those who looking for removing existing international structure and establish new structure based on religious principles. In this regards, Islamic fundamentalism has turned to one of the serious threats in the international system during last three decades. It, not only, has endangered regional security but also challenged international security seriously. In other words, at the present, terrorism threats of radical groups are not limited only to the West of Asia, which is origin of Islamic fundamentalism, they also include other regions of the world; from Europe to the East Asia. In this regards, Al-Qaeda and ISIS are the most important terrorist actors that have significant role in development of the security concept and its dynamics. Research Aim: The research aim is to study terrorist groups of Al-Qaeda and ISIS comparatively. Accordingly, the main question of the research is that what are the similarities and differences of the Al-Qaeda and ISIS? , To understand these two groups better, the research focus locate on their differences. The findings of the research can be beneficial for domestic officials since Iran is living in neighborhood of Al-Qaeda and ISIS. Methodology: The research method is analytical – descriptive and the data gathered through library resources. With regard to the nature of these groups, the research has utilized constructivism theory which emphasis on self-other idea. Finding: Based on the research findings, the most important similarities of terrorist groups of Al-Qaeda and ISIS are origin of their ideology, apocalypse worldview, pragmatism, anti-western vision, believing in hierarchical structure in their system, pugnacity and bellicosity, anti-Shia approach, universality and applying cyberspace for operations and membership. However, meanwhile, they enjoy some critical and fundamental differences such as intellectual and geographical origin, establishing Islamic caliphate, leadership futures, quality of members, psychological and media tactics, operational priorities, financial resources, military strategy and structural differences, method of acquiring identity and eventually the way Al-Qaeda and ISIS look at women and minorities. Conclusion: This research concludes that despite of some identical similarities, Al-Qaeda and ISIS enjoy obvious differences in many aspects especially in structure, goals, functional scope, method of action or operation, quality of leaders and means. In spite it, the focal aims is almost the same i. e. violence against innocent people and killing them. Based on their ideology, “ the others” deserve to be killed. What is perceived is that Islamic fundamentalism is not going to stop or vanish. It, in return, is transforming to new form in contemporary day. On the basis of historical experiences, it is predictable that new Islamic terrorist group rise once again in the near future that even would be worse and dangerous than ISIS.

This research was done for understanding Islamic fundamentalism and its relationship with violence. Islamic fundamentalism has had significant developments since its appearance at the turn of the 19th century. The most important development is its radicalization in recent decades. In this article, the author addresses the roots and principles of Islamic fundamentalism, its main theorists and its developments in the way of getting more violent since the 1970s. He also deals with the effective factors in the radicalization of the mentioned phenomenon. The author criticizes the alleged relationship between Islam and violence. It must be mentioned that this research is focused on Sunni Islam

In this article author examines the developments of AI-Qaeda after September 11  terrorist attacks. The core idea of the text is that AI-Qaeda has been changed from a hierarchical organization to a complex, flexible and dynamic with a global reach after 9/11 and subsequently U.S attacks on Afghanistan in 2001. In other words Al-Qaeda that we knew as an organization before 9/11 has been changed toward an Ideology after that event. This Ideology is named AI-Qaedaism. Today’s many islamist terrorist groups use AI-Qaeda aims, ideology, strategy and tactics allover the world without being under the control of AI-Qaeda as an organization. These groups have been more and more active especially in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt and Iraq in recent years. It must be mentioned that the focus of this research is on AI-Qaeda terrorist activities in Iraq as a new front for jihadists.

Currently, there are different assumptions about scenarios or interaction contrast between America and Al Qaeda there. Some analysts believe that bin Laden's death will eventually lead to the destruction of al-Qaeda network. This group of people who believe that al-Qaeda, is an organization that rooted in different parts of the world, since the network is expected to avenge the blood of bin Laden to America. For years the pretext for the war and bloodshed will continue. But some other analysts have considered the opposite of their view of America has made al-Qaeda and bin Laden directly or indirectly, whatever they say Americans can provide. Hence the creation of new threats to America, will move to eliminate bin Laden. The current critical situation in the Middle East that America is setting aside the issue of so-called war on terrorism, to confidently deal with the issue of the popular uprising in the Arab world to pay. They believe that the U. S. is not interested to fight against terrorism anymore. In this regard, popular uprisings in the Middle East is more dangerous than terrorism for Americans and Washington have become shabby affair with close combat terrorism directed their energy to make a new threat.

Using the image that exists of Pakistan and the activities carried out by Islamists and religious troops as well as the different fundamentalist movements that have grown in Pakistan, the present article have moved to study the grounds for the formation of extremism in Pakistan with emphasis on Al-Qaede. Therefore, the research question that would be raised is "in which social political background Pakistan, has Al-Qaeda extremism been formed? " The researchers hypothesis in is that al Qaeda have been able to perform the new process of so-called articulation in the regions under their rule using the principle of othering and also that of foregrounding. The analytical-descriptive research methodology has been based on Laclau & Mouffe Discourse Theory, with data collection method being in the basis of documentary method. The Salafi-Takfiri 's focal point has been opposition and othering against imperialism as well as foregrounding through which it has established bases and established a government-linked group in Pakistan. The data obtained showed that when discussing extremism, Pakistan is among the countries to which attention is paid. The religious and traditional structures in Pakistan, putting on an ethno-tribal appearance as well as the specific geopolitics in this country has caused extremist groups to be formed.

Introduction:In the wake of the Syrian crisis and the weakening of the political structure in the country, ethnic and religious activists of different backgrounds have demanded that they create agents who have a hegemonic, geopolitical, and ideological approach. The Kurds and Jabhat al-Nusra as two strong organizations among the new activists in the Syrian crisis have defined themselves as agents or geopolitical entities that have challenged Syria's political structure due to territorial and geographical conditions. This research examines the rise of new Syrian agents and their demands through an interdisciplinary perspective, drawing on the theories of social, geopolitical, and dialectic structure-agents, and considers the research hypothesis as the rise of agents and their institutional confrontation with structures.Dialectic Structure - The broker who does not give authenticity to any of the structures and brokers considers them both intertwined and necessary. In geopolitical science, too, the structure and practice of geopolitics have been in constant conflict with one another, and this conflict is most evident in world wars and regional and inter-state conflicts. In the Middle East, due to the artificial boundaries of the early twentieth-century agreements and ethnic fluidity on the borders of countries, the aforementioned conflict has caused a geopolitical dispute that has put together these fields, structures, and geopolitical agents. It has caused geopolitical entropy in the region. Following the developments of the Arab world and geopolitical anarchy in Syria, two major actors in Syria, namely the Kurds and al-Qaeda (Jabhat al-Nusra), are defined as geopolitical practitioners who have influenced geopolitical codes and structures that influence the geopolitical map. . The Kurds and al -Qaeda have created pseudo-governments that seek to enter the geopolitical arena for action in geopolitical fields by formulating and articulating geopolitical discourses.Methodology: Applied and methodological, descriptive is mixed with the analysis approach. The method of data collection in the qualitative phase of the research was performed using literature review and semi-structured interviews with Syrian experts and advisers of the Republic of Names in Syria. In the second phase of this research, the researcher has developed a questionnaire using the extracted codes. In this study, due to the lack of a standard questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire was used.Results and discussion: According to the interpretation of concepts and statements resulting from the processing, orderly and summarized analysis of sources and documents, operational experiences and information provided through interviews with experts and explaining the goals and intersection of analysis results, results (research) on the role of Kurds and al-Qaeda The following are debatable on the Syrian crisis from the point of view of the structure-broker:-Although Kurds are religiously Sunni, they identify with ethnic interests and advance their identity discourse. The Kurdish regions of Syria have been one of the influential variables in the Syrian crisis in recent years, which has been a point of conflict for many local, regional and trans-regional actors. In this regard, Kurdish parties in northern Syria and in the Kurdish regions were able to show themselves as an influential force in the political life of the region by strengthening their military might and model of local self-government. The creation of a nationalist discourse and its transformation into a geopolitical discourse has made this geographical unit a significant actor for the squares and sub-squares located in the Syrian crisis game.- Al-Qaeda in Syria, which states that its goal is to establish the Islamic Emirate and revive the religion, cannot achieve its goals without establishing a government.Conclusion: According to the statistical analysis, the following statements regarding the situation of the Kurds have been confirmed and prioritized:• The Syrian Kurdish identity discourse has the potential to become a geopolitical discourse;• The Kurds, according to Abdullah تئcalan's theory, demand cantonal autonomy (democratic confederalism);• The Kurdish geopolitical discourse causes political decentralization and the need for a multicultural, multilingual, and multi-ethnic government in Syria;• The Kurds want a cohesive geography in northern Syria;• The geopolitical branding of the Syrian Kurds (Rojava) is effective in developing their geopolitical discourse;• The Kurdish geopolitical discourse will go beyond the Kurdish lands in the future;• The strategic goals of the Kurds face a fundamental challenge: Turkey's strong opposition;• The strategic goals of the Kurds face a fundamental challenge: Turkey's strong opposition;• The geopolitical discourse of the Kurds could challenge the formation of a national government in Syria;• The geopolitical structure of Syria (the ruling regime) will accept Kurdish sovereignty federally in a state of emergency.Also, according to the statistical analysis, the following statements regarding the situation of al-Qaeda in Syria have been confirmed and prioritized:• The religious discourse of Jabhat al-Nusra (al-Qaeda in Syria) has the potential to become a geopolitical discourse;• The establishment of the Islamic Emirate in Syria is a strategic goal for Jabhat al-Nusra as the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda;• The complete removal of Bashar al-Assad from the political scene and a fundamental change in the current political structure in Syria is a prelude to the realization of Al-Nusra's strategic goal in Syria;• The power to create unity among the elements, to follow the Shari'a and not to impose opinions, contrary to ISIL's practice, makes al-Qaeda's geopolitical discourse acceptable to the public;• Al-Qaeda's geopolitical (religion-based) discourse challenges the formation of a national government in Syria;• In the political stage, Jabhat al-Nusra becomes a riotous security activist;Al-Qaeda's geopolitical discourse leads to political decentralization and the need for a multicultural, multilingual, and multi-ethnic government in Syria;Al-Qaeda's public service agencies in Idlib prepare the public for the acceptance of al-Qaeda's geopolitical discourse;• The adoption of a secular system in the Syria is effective in strengthening al-Qaeda's geopolitical discourse.

This research engages in a comparative analysis of the two most dangerous jihadist terrorist organizations in Iraq: Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS). The central hypothesis suggests that ISIS poses a more significant risk to social harmony in Iraq than Al-Qaeda. The primary goal of this study is to assess and compare the distinct impact of these prominent terrorist groups on social peace in the Iraqi context. By examining their respective ideologies, strategies, and targeted demographics, this research aims to shed light on the varying levels of threat they pose to communal cohesion and regional security. To achieve these objectives, a qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing secondary sources to investigate the threats that Al-Qaeda and ISIS pose to social peace in Iraq. The findings of this study provide compelling evidence supporting the claim that ISIS (Daesh) presents a significantly greater threat to social peace in Iraq compared to the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda. .