The long history of Iran-Ottoman relations witnesses various conflicts and the conclusion of numerous treaties. The second Erzrum agreement was concluded on 1 June 1847 between the two countries. Based on third article of the treaty, a common commission of four countries should be formed and set up delimitation between two countries with field investigation. The Ottoman delegation, headed by Darwish Pasha, on the way to the mission to join the commission, before reaching Baghdad, raided the Iranian realm and occupied Qotur. This aggressively action so near formation of delimitation commission has become an important controversy between Iran and the Ottoman. Firstly Iran condemned Darwish Pasha's action and wanted mediators to take responsibility for the elimination of aggression. Occupation of Qotur lasted exactly thirty years, and eventually the Berlin Congress confirmed Iran's legitimacy, and the Ottoman government was forced to return Qotur to Iran. About the the occupation of Qotur and especially the actions of Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir al-Dawlah during the three years of delimitation mission, no independent research has been carried out yet. The present study, with the historical method and descriptiveanalytical approach, relying on the documents, in particular Iran’ s Foreign Affairs’ documents answers these questions: What was the Qotur's position and strategical significance? Why was this area occupied by the Ottoman Empire on the eve of the formation of delimitation commission? What was the Iran's politicians actions, especially Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir al-Dawlah, as Iranian delegate to the delimitation Commission against the occupation of Qotur? The findings of the study show that the three-yearly actions of Mushir al-Dawlah (1268-1265 AH) led mediators to repeatedly condemn the occupation of Qotur and endorse Iran's legitimacy. In fact, Mushir al-Dawlah’ s actions became the cornerstone for Iranian diplomats in the decades to come and raise the issue of Qotur’ s occupation in the international community. Measures that eventually resulted in the extradition of Qotur after thirty years.

The Qotur metamorphic complex in west of Khoy is consist of various metamorphic rocks including of metabasites, metapelitic and meta-calcareous rocks and serpentinites. The metagabbros form main outcropping rocks in the area. Plagioclase and pyroxene are the main porphyroclasts of metagabbros. Epidote, tremolite/actinolite, calcite and chlorite are formed during low grade metamorphism of these rocks. Based on geochemistry results, protolite compositions of the investigated rocks are plotted on the gabbroic field of the classification diagram. They have calc-alkaline magmatic series. Considering the discrimination tectonic diagrams the Qotur metagabbroic rocks have been formed at the island arc tectonic setting. On the basis of U-Pb zircon geochronological data, the rocks are formed at 162. 6± 7. 6 Ma corresponds to the late Jurassic (Oxfordian). On the basis of results obtained from isotopic dating and geochemical data of the Qotur metagabbros, we suppose that they formed related to the sialic back arc basin of Neotethys, Jurrasic Island arc rocks of Sevan-Akera zone corresponds to the North branch of Neotethys oceanic suture and/or in continuation of the Piranshahr and Serow ophiolites as a Zagros-Bitlis Zone. However perecise results will be need to tectonic works and more geochemical and isotopic data from variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks.

Introduction: Earthquake is a natural disaster which sometimes causes injury and loss of life to many people and generates tsunamis. As one of the most frequently occurring natural phenomena, it is considered by many as the most frightening and dangerous natural hazard. With recent developments of remote sensing, radar interferometry is accepted as an efficient and relatively accurate method of measuring ground surface displacement. The present study has investigated June 25, 2020 earthquake in Qotur (the city of Khoy). Materials & Methods: The present study have utilized InSAR and PSI techniques to estimate the amount of displacement caused by the earthquake. Remotely sensed images collected in the upstream passages were processed in Sarproz software. Radar interferometry and other advanced methods such as PSI have made detection of vertical surface displacements possible even in a few millimeter range. The present pairs of images have been selected with a good correlation from Sentinel-1 data. Results & Discussion: The present study seeks to estimate the extent of ground heave and subsidence caused by earthquakes. Images selected from statistical periods before and after the earthquake were processed, and outputs were presented as figures and diagrams. Graphs showed the accuracy of the work and annual cumulative displacement. Results indicated the presence of a surface displacement between-16 and +16. The most intense subsidence and ground heave have happened in the northeastern regions (Gogerd village) and the southern regions (Kotanabad, Mir Omar, Grenavik villages), respectively. Conclusion: Maximum displacements (heave and subsidence) and other data collected from the earthquake show that the Bashkala left-Lateral Strike-Slip fault has caused this earthquake.

The Qotur metamorphic complex consists of metabasites, gneisses, marbles and calc-silicates as well as serpentinites which is cropped out at the west border of West Azerbaijan and Turkey. The amphibolites from the Qotur metamorphic complex can be classified as two types of ortho-and para-amphibolites. Minerals in this ortho-amphibolite are hornblende, plagioclase, zircon, titanite, and opaque minerals. The para-amphibolites are characterized by presence of calcite and quartz in addition to amphibole and plagioclase in their mineral assemblages. Tremolite/actinolite, chlorite and sericite are the retrograde phases of the green schist facies. Granoblastic and nematoblastic textures are the common textures of these rocks. Investigation of mineral chemistry and P-T estimations of amphibolites are the aim of this project. Based on electron microprobe analyzes on amphibolites, the amphibole and plagioclase compositions are determined as magnesio-hastengsite and oligoclase, respectively. Plotting of amphibole and titanite compositions on Ti vs. Si and Fe vs. Al diagrams respectively, shows their metamorphic genesis. The thermobarometry results of amphibolites have been obtained on the basis of amphibole and plagioclase compositions as well as utilizing of petrogenetic grids and experimentally determined phase diagrams. The peak metamorphic temperatures and pressures are estimated about 550-650° C and 6-8 Kb. The geothermal gradient is calculated about 25 ° C/Km for the obtained temperatures and pressures which corresponds with continental collision conditions. It seems that Cretaceous closure of the Neotethys and its subsequent continental collision during Late Oligocene-Miocene formed the studied amphibolites at the continental crust of the Qotur area.

Background & Objective: Milk and dairy products are good nutritional environments for bacterial growth. Different types of bacteria can quickly contaminate them and as a result, these products cause disease in human after transmission. Staphylococcus aureus is among the bacteria of milk and dairy products that cause disease in human. With regard to the point that traditional cheese (unpasteurized) is produced in not a sanitary situation among the residents of border and rural areas of northwest of Iran, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination rate, sensibility and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from traditional cheese consumed in Qotur of khoy province.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 80 cheese samples provided from different dairy products stores of Qotur town in Khoy city during in the first six months of the year 2011. After collecting the samples, they were transported to the laboratory.Results: among 80 studied samples, 16 samples (20%), 40 samples (50%), and24 samples (30%) were produced from cow milk, sheep milk, and a mixture of cow and sheep milk, respectively.40 samples (50%) showed contamination by Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic resistances to Methicillin, Tetracycline and Cotrimoxazole, and Oxacilina were seen in four samples (9.3%), two samples (4.65%), and one sample (2.33%), respectively.Conclusion: Considering the high contamination rate of traditional cheese by Staphylococcus aureus in this area, respective experts should control its production and distribution. Efficient informing about the risk of using these products seems necessary.

Purpose: This research aims to review the territorial disputes between Iran and Turkey in the Reza Shah Period (1925-1941) and to study how these disputes were settled.Methodology / Approach: This study has benefited from the descriptive-analytical method, based on archival and library resources, with a historical approach.Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the Republic of Turkey and Reza Shah's Government settled all of their territorial disputes according to their peaceful foreign policies by concluding three treaties: "Vedadieh and Ta'minieh"(1926), "Ahdnameye Marzi (frontier treaty)" (1932) and "Eslahe Khate Marzi (treaty of modification of the border lines)" (1316/1937).