Simultaneously the constant growth and development and redical fundamental changes on economical, social, political and cultural works, the important role of roads are apparented especially ground roads and transportation as one of the important of basis development sectores. Even it effects on the other activities in various geographical locations and spaces, makes fruitful their sources and unactual capacities, increases development process of more advantagous plans and secures growth background. The capital, takes into account national asset, spends on building roads at various geographical beds, the required constraction, also preservation and maintenance and safety. In order to long term use of the network, preventation the effect of geographical factors,and premature destroying of roads and fleet, safe guarding is essential. Therefore, it is necessary the roads are protected against effects of detrimental geogaraphical facts and convenient background creates to constant development a side from safety transportation in the roads, technical- engineering problems and traffic engineering.

Introduction: Clinical supervision is an essential way of support and advances professional roles of nurses. Clinical supervision includes objectives and positive functions and is an effective support system within many challenges in nursing. The aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting processes of clinical supervision from perspectives of nurses.Methods: In this qualitative and content analysis study, 18 participants including supervisors and nurses were selected purposively. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, document reviews, and observations. Data were collected from September 2009 to October 2010. Data were analyzed using content analysis method.Results: The results of the study showed that implementation of clinical supervision by supervisors were affected by individual and organizational dimensions. In the individual dimension three themes were emerged: 1) supervisors' individual competencies, 2) supervisees' individual competencies, and 3) interaction between the supervisors and the supervisees. The organizational dimension had four themes: 1) high work load, 2) complex nature of clinical supervision, 3) non-effective organization in supervising, and 4) inappropriate fields for monitoring.Conclusion: According to the findings, several factors influenced clinical supervision including personal characteristics of supervisors and supervisees, complex nature of clinical supervision and environmental factors in hospitals. Understanding the different perceived dimensions of clinical supervision can help nurse managers to implement effective clinical supervision.

As a result of the centralization of the power, security, and the hegemony established by the ilkhanids, the grounds of commercial flourishment were prepared and the urban economy in many significant sections of their territory started development. The commercial development in the Ilkhanid era, being directly connected with the Mongol might in their vast empire‏ embodied the development of the commercial routes in this era. In this period of history, commercial activities in both land and sea routes bloomed significantly. Mongols had a particular consideration for the commercial routs and being concerned with the importance of commerce, they were diligent to help them secure. More than one fourth of the Ilkhanid government income was required from trades as commerce, therefore, diligent effort and the further flourishment of the commercial routes was only natured. The subject of this study is to survey the situation‏ of a part of the commercial routes in the Ilkhanid era which placed in frontiers regions and connected routes to the world commercial and caused to influrish commerce, economy and culture.

Travel time prediction has been concerned by specialists in different fields in regard with transportation systems programming. Geospatial information systems and data mining analyzes by using new methods have obtained several capabilities to extract hidden patterns among the data to predict travel time. These methods can be considered as good alternatives for conventional methods. In this study K-means clustering method as a spatial data mining technique and also a forward neural network method have been used to predict travel time. In this regard eight variables were extracted from vehicles GPS and climatic and cars accidents data during a three years period. These variables were used to predict travel time in Babol -Ghaemshahr and Ghaemshahr- Sari roads in Mazandaran province. In order to evaluate the proposed method the outputs of clustering and neural network methods were compared with real data in the study corridor. The study showed the artificial neural network method can lead to more satisfactory results in comparison with the clustering method by considering a root mean square error equal to 0.0015 and a mean square errorequal to 0.65 showed.

Background: The road to respond to the needs of today's modern world, affected by the advancement of technological tools, seeks to increase speed and increasing safety. This study seeks to improve the landscape quality of roads, explains the effective criteria in road design and the need to pay attention to the category of design ethics and emphasizes them. Conclusion: In order to increase the quality of travel, human life, the survival of plants and animals, should be given more attention. Ethical design guarantees the flow of life on the road. This view of the road strengthens the mental dimensions of the road that is the subject of landscape science. Landscape as an integrated system, emphasizes the need to simultaneously pay attention to the quality of human life on the road, the preservation of plant and animal life. Finally, the ethical view of road landscape science, according to all three categories, passenger mentality, conservation of plant and animal life is effective in improving the quality of roads. Ethical landscape design is not just about eliminating modern technology. Nor does it confirm the dominance of technology over nature,it seeks to strike a balance between human life, plants and animals with its holistic vision. The landscape is revitalizing. It has a sustainable approach. Man is inherently inclined to nature,landscape approach in dealing with the road phenomenon, certainly emphasizing the mentality of travelers, guarantees the survival of natural cycles, respect for the environment and efforts to preserve it.

The road between Nayshaboor and Toos, have always been of critical value in progress and moving the societies of this region roward cultural and civilizational development.This matter is obviously noticeable in remains of the ancient dwellings of the tribes and groups resided in the region. In this article, using archeological research methods, two general plain routes as a part of Khorassan great highway named Abrisham (silk) road, and two mountain routes, short cuts and post house roads of these two regions are put into consideration. Some related places are also introduced.

Background: The road to respond to the needs of today's modern world, affected by the advancement of technological tools, seeks to increase speed and increasing safety. This study seeks to improve the landscape quality of roads, explains the effective criteria in road design and the need to pay attention to the category of design ethics and emphasizes them. Conclusion: In order to increase the quality of travel, human life, the survival of plants and animals, should be given more attention. Ethical design guarantees the flow of life on the road. This view of the road strengthens the mental dimensions of the road that is the subject of landscape science. Landscape as an integrated system, emphasizes the need to simultaneously pay attention to the quality of human life on the road, the preservation of plant and animal life. Finally, the ethical view of road landscape science, according to all three categories, passenger mentality, conservation of plant and animal life is effective in improving the quality of roads. Ethical landscape design is not just about eliminating modern technology. Nor does it confirm the dominance of technology over nature,it seeks to strike a balance between human life, plants and animals with its holistic vision. The landscape is revitalizing. It has a sustainable approach. Man is inherently inclined to nature,landscape approach in dealing with the road phenomenon, certainly emphasizing the mentality of travelers, guarantees the survival of natural cycles, respect for the environment and efforts to preserve it.