Background and aim: It is possible to use light sources suxh as lasers to destruct melanosomes and treat pigmented skin lesions. One of the most commonly used laser systems is Q switched RUBY laser with a wave-length of 694 nm. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the Q switched RUBY laser in the treatment of pigmented skin lesions including lentigines (simplex or solar) and café-au-lait macules.Materials and Methods: After physical examination for ruling out the possibility of malignancy by two dermatologists, patients were treated with Q switched RUBY laser. Response to treatment was categorized in four groups of equal interval according to the 0-100% lesion lightening. Results: Ninetyy patients including 81 patients with solar lentigo and 9 cases of lentigo simplex were recruited into this study. Mean standard deviation (SD) of the number of treatment sessions for solar lentigo and lentigo simplex cases were 1.0 0.5 and 3.6 1.3, respectively. Although the mean of sessions was increased in darker skin types, there was no statistically significant difference between different skin types (p=0.335). In addition, there was no significant relation between mean treatment sessions and location of the lesions (p=0.685). Cure rate was 100% in all lentigo cases and after a mean SD of 8.7 2.3 months follow up there was no recurrence. Also, there was neither pigmentary change nor folliculitis during treatment. In 7 cases with cafe-au-Iait macules, the mean SD score of improvement was 2.4 0.8, which was achieved after 3.1 0.4 treatment sessions. In 6 cases whom were followed up for 10.2 3.1 months, despite primary disappearance, recurrence of café-au-lait macules was observed.Conclusion: It seems Q switched RUBY laser is an appropriate method for treatment of lentiginous lesions in caucasians with Fitzpatrick's skin types II to IV.

The intense heat, high solar radiation, limited water resources, and poor soil conditions in the Sistan region have weakened Yaghouti grapevines. Achieving optimal quantitative and qualitative yields requires precise management of bud numbers during winter pruning and regulation of vegetative growth throughout the growing season until harvest. This study evaluated four levels of winter balanced pruning intensity and four levels of green pruning intensity.The winter pruning treatments included:Control (local practice)Light pruning (10+60)Moderate pruning (10+40)Heavy pruning (10+20)The green pruning treatments included:Control (local practice)Light pruning (pruning green shoots, eight nodes above the last cluster)Moderate pruning (removal of lateral shoots + pruning green shoots, eight nodes above the last cluster)Heavy pruning (removal of non-productive green shoots from the previous year's fruiting branches + removal of lateral shoots + pruning green shoots, eight nodes above the last cluster)Heavy winter pruning increased total soluble solids (8.4%), total acidity (14.5%), juice content (5%), cluster sunburn (11%), and flavor index (7.6%) compared to the control. It also decreased acidity (20.1%) and reduced the number of days to maturity (10.5%). Overall, the highest flavor index for Yaghouti grapes was observed under heavy winter pruning combined with the removal of non-productive green shoots from the previous year's fruiting branches, complete removal of lateral shoots, and pruning of green shoots, eight nodes above the last cluster.

The effect of eight citrus rootstocks was studied on postharvest quality, including storability of two cultivars of grapefruit namely, Marsh and RUBY Red for five months in cold storage of 10o C with 85% RH for 12 year- old tree fruits. Fruits of trees grafted on Cleopatra mandarin, Carrize citrange, Troyer citrange, Swingle citromelo, Sour orange, Volkamera lemon, Amblycarpa, and King mandarin were tested at the Agricultural Research Station in Dezful. The effect of cultivars and rootstocks as well as the interaction between them was studied in the form of a factorial completely randomized design. Results indicated that varying citrus rootstocks had significant influence on storage life of grapefruit during storage. Regardless of rootstocks, cultivars had no effect on storage life and in most cases, differences were not statistically significant. After five months of storage at 10o C, percentage of fruit decay was high (ca. 5%) in fruit grafted on King mandarin rootstocks for both cultivars but least fruit decay was measured for fruits from Volkamera (0.85%). Percentage of weight loss in fruit after storage was high in fruit from Cleopatra mandarin (ca. 15%) and least in fruit grafted on Volkamera lemon (ca. 6%). At the end of storage period, reduction in other fruit qualities i.e. percentage of Juice, TSS, titrable acid (TA) and vitamin C content were almost minimum in fruit grafted on Volkamera, as compared to those grafted on other rootstocks.

Information and knowledge from different sciences have always enriched Persian literature and filled it with scientific and technical terms. One of the important factors of this phenomenon in the domain of Persian Poetry especially from the 4th century onwards is the expansion of rational sciences and different branches of disciplines, expansion of universities and learning centers and emergence of outstanding scientists in the Persian land. Consequently a number of jewelries and precious stones with their characteristic properties found their way into the poetry of certain poets. Some used them for their color and shape in metaphors and similes, some referred to them for their magical properties in Medicine and Horoscope. This article is concerned with the introduction of stones and their symbolic role in the Persian Poetry.

Leafhoppers are among the most important pests of grapevines in the Sistan region. Both adult insects and nymphs cause damage by puncturing leaf tissues and sucking plant sap. In recent years, the damage caused by this pest has been so severe that partial or total dieback of the vines has been reported. Therefore, identifying the dominant species of active leafhoppers along with their natural enemies plays a crucial role in preventing a decline in vineyard health and the quantity and quality of the RUBY grape yield. During the years 2019-2021, three leafhopper species were identified in vineyard samples from the region: Arboridia Kermanshah (Dlabola, 1963), Empoasca decipiens (Paoli, 1930), and Anaceratagallia laevis (Ribaut, 1935). The species A. Kermanshah was the dominant leafhopper pest in the Sistan region, with a frequency of 73.31%. In the study of biological control agents, parasitoids such as Anagrus atomus, Trichogramma sp., Chrysoperla spp. (lacewing species), and the mite Anystis baccarum were collected from the region's vineyards. The results suggest that, given the diversity of natural enemies in the ecosystem, a biological control program can be implemented in combination with other management practices to reduce leafhopper damage.

In this research, micro-Raman spectroscopy has been used for gemstone characterization as a non-destructive and fast method. Afghanistan9s Gemstones such as lapis lazuli, lal, RUBY, emerald, and garnet have been used in this research. Afghanistan is one of the most important centers of gems in the world. Non-destructive identification of gems is so important. The samples were collected from different regions of Afghanistan including Badakhshan, Panjshir, Kabul and Nuristan. Then, their microRaman spectra were obtained and analyzed. The main peaks of the Raman spectrum of each sample were determined. Raman spectrum results show that lapis lazuli, lal, RUBY, emerald, and garnet have main peaks in the range of 536cm-1, 4208cm-1, 4409cm-1, 4120cm-1, and 907cm-1, respectively. At the end, to compare and confirm the results, XRD characterization of the garnet sample powder, which was possible to crush, was performed. Finally, it can be concluded that the above-mentioned gems can be characterize by micro-Raman spectroscopy, rapidly.

Background: Becker’ s nevus syndrome (BNS) is a benign hamartoma that is aesthetically bothersome and usually appears during puberty. Various modalities of laser therapy alone or in combination with other medications can be used for the treatment of BNS, but no unified approach with an acceptable response is yet available. The current study aimed to compare the outcomes of Q-switched RUBY 694 nm laser (QSRL) alone and in combination with 4% topical flutamide for the management of BNS. Methods: The current randomized clinical trial was conducted on twenty-two BNS patients between 2016-2018. The patients were randomly allocated to treatment with QSRL 694 nm alone (group A) versus in combination with 4% topical flutamide (group B). The QSRL was administered twice with four-week intervals for both groups, while group B was also administered topical flutamide 4% twice a day for eight weeks. The treatment outcomes were assessed and compared at baseline and then within 4 and 8 weeks of commencing the interventions. Results: The evaluation of the two groups in terms of lesion size alterations, response to treatment, and patients’ satisfaction showed insignificant differences between the two groups (P > 0. 05). In addition, neither approach A (P = 0. 33) nor approach B (P = 0. 46) led to remarkable changes in lesion color. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the current study, the use of QSRL alone or even in combination with topical 4% flutamide was not suitable for the management of BNS lesions.