Tourism is one of the largest economic sectors globally. It is a climate sensitive sector, with climate being one of the most important attributes for a destination. In order to know that a region's climate what extent is suitable to the given tourism activities, the tourism climate potential must be determined. This study aims to illustrate observed the tourism climate potential of Lake Urmia Basin during 1988-2012, by using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), the predicted mean vote (PMV) and standard effective temperature (SET). The RayMan model was used to calculate the indices PET, PMV and SET. The analysis is based on the monthly measured datasets of 8 synoptic stations. Results demonstrate that according to PET and PMV, July and August are the best months for tourists in terms of thermal comfort in Lake Urmia Basin. Also, June and September have Slight cold stress and provide acceptable conditions for tourists. In SET, the thermal perceptions in no month are comfortable. But July and August have Slight cold stress and provide acceptable conditions for tourists.

According to three indicators, comfort and convenience conditions without heat or cold stress for tourists in Yasuj city, 6 to 7% of the total days of the year, i. e. about one month, which is based on the PET index, in April and based on PMV and SET indices are in late May and early June. According to PET and PMV indices, the tourism climate in Yasuj in a year is mainly cold to very cold with severe to very severe cold stress, while the conditions of the tourism climate according to the SET index are cool to very cool. Compared to the climatic realities, it seems that the PMV index better than the other two indicators reflects the tourism calendar of Yasuj city both in terms of determining the most appropriate tourism time and in terms of the main conditions of the tourism climate during the year. Regarding the study of the trend of tourism climate indicators and the parameters affecting them, the results show that the parameters of dry temperature and vapor pressure from February to July have an increasing trend and from August to January have a decreasing trend. The parameters of humidity, wind speed and cloudiness from February to July have no trend and from August to January have a decreasing trend. PET, SET and PMV indices have a trend in all months of the year except July, so that they have an increasing trend from February to July and a decreasing trend from August to January.

One of the most important parameters affecting the quality of tourism is the climate and weather conditions of the tourist destination. Most of the studies have focused on the seasons and months that are suitable for tourism. However, to determine the right time for tourism, this study has examined the differences in hours conditions during the whole of the year in Alangdareh Forest Park, Golestan province. To do this, meteorological data from the statistical period (2017-2022) was used to calculate the average value of the SET index (standard effective temperature). Then, this index was evaluated as an indicator of thermal comfort using Rayman software. Meteorological data, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and cloudiness were entered into the software five times a day. Based on the results, the comfortable days were divided into two separate periods. The first period starts in the middle of April and continues until the middle of May, and the second period is in October. The results of the SET index in terms of hours showed the best time for tourists to visit the park during the winter season is between 12:30 PM and 3:30 PM and during the summer season at 6:30 AM. This information can help tourists choose the best travel time according to their personal preferences. Additionally, the results indicate a continuous increase in the SET index during the six years of the statistical period which indicates a warming climate and a decrease in thermal comfort.

Climate is one of the most important factors in the development and restriction of the tourism industry, with any change or fluctuation leading to a change in the tourism industry. In this study, RayMan model and PMV and PET bio-climate were used to identify the tourism calendar in Poldokhtar, which has unique historical and natural attractions. Also, using nonparametric tests ManKendall and Sen’ s Estimator and ITA model the uniform and Non-uniform trend of tourism climate change in this city was evaluated. The results of the RayMan model show that the favorable conditions of the tourism climate are only available in April and October, thus human does not need to change the ambient temperature conditions in this month and is satisfied with the ambient temperature. Also in November and March there are more or less favorable conditions for tourism in spite of very low heat and cold stresses. No severe cold stress was observed in any of the months. In case of extreme heat stress, corresponding to PMV index exceeding 3. 5 and PET index exceeding 41 degrees Celsius from June to September, unbearable conditions will occur in Poldokhtar tourism climate. Evaluation of trends in meteorological and tourism climate changes indicates that temperature and bio-climate indices have increased, on the one hand, the thermal stresses of Poldokhtar have increased and on the one hand, the amount of cold stress has decreased. On other hand, results of ITA model show, which Non-uniform is changes of PET in April and March. Also, in more month is different internal the intensity of slope.

Climate is one of the most important factors in determining the suitable time for recreation and tourism industry. The high population of Isfahan, its suitable location at the center of Iran and having great tourism attractions has made it to be recognized as the tourism core in Iran.In this study, in order to determine the suitable time for recreation and tourism in Isfahan, the bioclimatical indexes (PET, PMV, SET) of Rayman model were used. For this purpose climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, cloudiness and the wind speed were obtained form the Iranian Meteorological organization (1995- 2008) period. Finally, considering the long-term average of the parameters mentioned above, the values of the indexes SET, PET, and PMV were calculated and the climate comfort time was determined. The results which are presented as calendar time show that, according to the results of PET & PMV indexes, the days 1-17 April & 20 October - 6 November are the best time period for recreation and tourism in Isfahan. But, according to the outputs of SET index, although the climatic comfort period is in the same months, but prolonged heat stresses was the dominant condition which can’t be compatible with climate reality of the area. Finally, a comparison among 3 indexes showed that PET and PMV indexs were more compatible with Bioclimatic conditions of the study area.

Introduction: Open spaces are the most important area of human social exchange, which may be affected by a wide range of factors. Encouraging individuals for being outdoor is one of the main factors for economic, social and political development in the cities. Studying and determining the limitations and climate hazards along with noticing their hidden ecological potentials in different seasons of the year should be taken into account for different provincial planning. It can also play a key role in urban and zone planning. For this reason, the objective of this research was the determination of the thermal comfort of people in Qom Province’ s outdoor. Meterial and methods: In this research, predicted mean score (PMV), equivalent physiological temperature (PET) and human thermal comfort in outdoors of Qom Province were analyzed. For this purpose, five parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, water vapor pressure and cloud coverage in three weather stations of Qom, Kahak, and Salafchegan were extracted in a 12-year period of time (2004-2017). The data were then transferred to RayMan software in different time scales and then PET and PMV were calculated and analyzed. Results and disscussion: Our analyses showed that climate comfort period in this province was limited to two separate periods, which is simultaneous with the transition of the warm period into a cold one or vice versa. This situation contains 7. 92% of the year; the first period is during April and May, while the second period occurs in October. These months were the best times for environmental activities in Qom Province. Because of geographic variety and topographic distribution, the inconsistency of the thermal situation can be clearly observed in this research. Mountainous places were faced with cold tensions in 50. 27% of the year and low altitude places were faced with warm tensions in 51. 63% of the year. Monthly analysis showed that the limiting factors of thermal comfort in the central and eastern part of the province were medium and high thermal tensions in May, June, January, August, and September, while the only limitation of mountainous cities was the cold tensions happening in November, December, January, February, and March. The results showed that the effects of altitude and topographic distribution caused climate variations in this zone, which makes every ecological climate situation possible to happen in Qom province. Conclusion: Results of this research showed that the output of eco-climate factors of PET and PMV has the capability of clarifying comfort and discomfort periods in Qom Province. Besides minor differences, it can present homogeneous phenomenon of comfort climate in this city and provide better information for planning and management purposes. In general, according to different methods, factors, and data analysis, an integration of different factors should be considered to achieve our goals.

In recent years, natural disasters, such as the heat wave, mortality rates have increased due to rising air temperatures and environmental problems, such as air pollution due to the accumulation of heat in cities, and has led to increase attention to decling these environmental problems. It is a way to create an Outdoor thermal comfort, in addition to promoting human health as a factor in reducing the air temperature in urban environments. Therefore, man-made and natural spaces in cities can provide comfortable environments. We often think of people living their life inside buildings and we may not see that in fact for one reason or another we spend much of our time outside – between the buildings. The spaces and places of these, and many other everyday activities, have a special social, cultural and even economic significance. Thus we have to make great efforts by designers and planners to reduce air temperature and reduce air pollutants that enhance the presence of people in these spaces. Outdoor thermal comfort in urban open spaces is one of the most important indicator of quality of life in the city. Outdoor thermal comfort enhance presence of people, it can boost their health. Variables such as buildings height and orientations of buildings, space between the buildings, open spaces surface and building material have effects on outdoor thermal comfort. The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in time-honored and state-of– the-art tissue in Mashhad. Moreover, urban geometry such as urban canyons and green spaces at pedestrian level are effective factors and there is limited attention in Iran. Evaluating thermal comfort of the locals may help architects and planners to deal with urban problems by identifying thermal comfort needs in indoor and outdoor environments, so that the intensity of temperatures is reduced in open spaces by using design elements. In Iran, thermal comfort issues in academic studies are more focused on indoor spaces, and in recent years, approaches to outdoor thermal comfort have increased. This study focuses on effects of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in two urban areas PACHENAR and SHAHED tissue in Mashhad. The first part of the article examines researches carried out in the subject area of the paper, and then, in the next section, Theoretical foundations of the articles, thesis and books have been extracted. Air temperature, wind speed, mean radiant temperature (MRT), and the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) are simulated with ENVI-met and Rayman to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the existing urban geometry in summer season. 1. Matherials & Methods The methodology is practical research based in two parts. Firstly the framework theory is extracted from researches such as papers, books and dissertation, The climatology data collected from weather station of Torogh which is located near Mashhad. After that Gis maps are used for neighborhood. In order to reach the PET values, the proposed method is applied to an urban canyon, which is simulated in terms of mean radiant temperature and PET, combining ENVI-met (http: //www. ENVI-met. com) and Rayman. Firstly a simulation of the case study model are conducted in ENVI-met. Secondly, some of the key results and values from ENVI-met are imported into Rayman and other simulation runs. 2. 1. ENVI-met Simulations The three-dimensional micro climate model ENVI-met is designed to simulate the surface-plant-air interactions in urban environment. ENVI-met software is a useful tool for planners to analyze and predict the thermal comfort impacts of various factors. ENVI‐ met is a 3D model, which seeks to replicate the major atmospheric processes that affect the micro climate. This model simulates wind flows, radiation fluxes, temperature, humidity and other parameters, based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. which is able to simulate the interactions between different urban surfaces, vegetation and the atmosphere. ENVI-met allows analyzing the effects of small scale changes in urban design on micro climate under different mesoscale conditions. A major shortcoming with ENVI-met is that buildings which are modeled as blocks where width and length are multiples of grid cells, have no thermal mass. Input data required to initiate ENVI-met simulations are: • Wind speed and direction at 10 m above ground level; • Roughness length (Zo); • Initial temperature of atmosphere; • Initial temperature and humidity of the soil; • Specific humidity at 2500 m; • Relative humidity at 2 m. The model calculation includes: • Short-wave and long-wave radiation fluxes with respect to shading, reflection and re-radiation from building systems and the vegetation; • Transpiration, evaporation and sensible heat flux from the vegetation into the air, including full simulation of all plant physical parameters. In this study, simulation was carried out in the summer (August) and based on the data of the meteorological station of Mashhad. This simulation was selected on August 28, 2017, during the sunrise and sunset times between 6 AM and 20 AM, , which represents the hottest day in summer. 2. 2. Rayman Simulations and assessing PET The Rayman is produced by Matzarakis. It model has been developed in the Meteorological Institute of the University of Freiburg in Germany in 1998. This model is developed to simulate the short and long wave radiation flux densities from the three dimensional surroundings in simple and complex environments. RayMan is in fact a freely available radiation and human bioclimate model. The aim Of the RayMan model is to calculate radiation flux densities, sunshine duration, shadow spaces And thermo-physiologically relevant assessment indices using only a limited number of meteorological and other input data. For such models to be applied in simple situations, the following atmospheric parameters are required: – direct solar radiation – diffuse solar radiation – reflected short-wave radiation – atmospheric radiation (long-wave) – long wave radiation from the solid surfaces. The following parameters describing the surroundings of the human body also have to be known: – sky view factor – view factor of the different solid surfaces – albedo of the different solid surfaces – emissivity of the different solid surfaces Assessment of microclimate and thermal comfort outdoors Due to the wide use of the PET index in different climate studies and the ease of expression of oudoor thermal comfort of individuals, in this paper, the PET index is calculated. Since these numbers are not localized in Iran, and in particular to Mashhad. The range of 23 is based on the Matzarakis and Mayer studies as a thermal comfort range. On the other hand, trees play an important role in this study. The simulation carried out in Envi-met has also been based on field observations of the density of these trees, which is called the LAI index (LAI). Dense trees with 10 m height (LAI = 4. 73) and very dense trees with 15 m height (LAI = 9. 35) were designed for simulating the vegetation. In addition, grass with 0. 1 m height (LAI = 0. 03) was also used. Model Calibration In order to make the results of these models based simulations more credible, the model had To be calibrated. The input values have to be changed slightly, so that the output values turn Out to be a more accurate representation of reality. In order to do that The model was calibrated with on-site long-term measurements of air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (Ws) and direction (Wd) at two tissues as well as properties of ground surface materials

The most important public urban spaces are squares, which have been called by various titles such as the beating heart of urban activities, open spaces called urban lungs and the main centers of social interactions, and the main signs of identity and civic and historical character of cities. The constituent structures of the squares enclosing the field are important both in terms of their impact on the field space and the role they play in urban cells. The most important thing about buildings, regardless of their role in the body of the field, is the energy consumed by them and the microclimate created by the arrangement of the masses. Preventing the creation of heat islands and consequently creating thermal comfort as well as optimizing energy consumption in buildings are among the main and most important agendas in the field of cities today. Microclimate assessment is done by ENVI-Met4 software on modeling this case (assumed future situation). In the next step, in order to achieve the desired micro-climate, the criteria required for the texture will be simulated and evaluated and presented in two groups of scenarios, based on which a threedimensional simulation of the urban fabric of the design site will be performed. The second evaluation in the software will be for this case, and if the micro-climate situation improves due to the applied changes, the desired texture for the design site and the body enclosing the field will be suggested.

In this research, we are trying to determine the “ beginning time” as well as the “ end” of the climatic seasons; and we will focus on identifying the displacement of these dates, which is influenced by the “ climate changes” and “ descriptionAbstract The purpose of this study is to investigate possible changes and displacements in Iranchr('39')s climatic seasons due to climate change. To do this, temperature, relative humidity, water vapor, wind and cloud data for 36 stations were received from the Meteorological Agency over 40 years. The data were divided into two 20-year series to allow comparison. Daily temperature data for each clustering time series were determined, then by considering 7-day sequences, the beginning and end of the seasons. The designated times were tested using the Rayman model. The results of comparing the seasons in the two time series indicated that in all stations, changes in climatic seasons occurred from Insignificant to significant. Climatic seasons in Iran do not correspond to calendar seasons, and climate change, especially temperature changes in recent decades, has caused the seasons to shift and shorten and lengthen. Although the beginning and end of the seasons do not generally correspond to their calendar dates, most of the days of these seasons occur in its calendar periods. The changes that have taken place have not only affected the length of the seasons, and these shifts have also changed the quality of the natural seasons. Keywords: Climate change, natural seasons, cluster analysis, Rayman model of the qualitative conditions” created in them, compared to the past climatic periods. “ Meteorological Organization” data has been used in this research. Forty years of received data, was divided into two groups of 20. Applying SPSS, each group was divided into four stages representing each seasons. From these stages, the beginning time and the end of seasons were determined and the accuracy of the obtained dates was controlled with the comfort indicators of the Rayman model. The results of the comparison of seasons in two time series indicated that, the changes occurred in natural seasons from an almost non-existent one in all stations. Climatic seasons in Iran are not compatible with the summer season and climate change, especially the change in temperature in recent decades, has caused changes and shortening of seasons. Most of the days in these seasons occur during its monthly periods, although the beginning and end of the seasons generally do not match their calendar dates. Changes have not only affected the duration of the season, and these changes have also led to a change in the natural quality of the season.