Iran was put exposed on the politics and intervention of the European countries on the eve of the nineteenth century, when Iranian politicians were not enough primed to face such a situation because of the undeveloped state of the country along with their own ignorance. The first round of Russo-Persian Wars was one of the most important instances of the involvement of Europeans in Iran, which ended with the imposition of the Treaty of Gulistan with the mediation of the UK ambassador to Iran, Sir Gore Ouseley. This study tried to analyze the role of Sir Gore Ouseley in the events leading to the end of the first period of the Russo-Persian Wars especially the aforementioned treaty. The results indicate that Sir Gore Ouseley acted as a mediator in the negotiations between Iran and Russia since 1227 AH /1812. However, he had an important role in defeating Abbas Mirza's forces in Aslanduz, with his tendency toward Russia and his removal of British officers from the Iranian troops. Promising the reclaim of the Iranian lands by the Russian emperor, and using other promises and threats, he also forced other people to accept the unequal conditions of peace with Russia.

The history of Iran and Russia is tied to two Wars and two infamous Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties. Although these Wars began for some domestic reasons in both countries but international events affected their beginning and end as well. The question arising here is how developments in Europe, such as the rise of Napoleon, and especially the attempt by European countries to establish a system of balance of power, influenced the first round of Russo-Persian Wars. The main hypothesis of the present study, carried out taking a descriptive-analytical approach, is that the system of balance of power in Europe caused European actors to negotiate and bargain over colonies or other small states to capture a land or parts of it instead of confronting each other in Europe. The research findings show that the British effort for the containment of France and establishing a balance of power in Europe, as well as protecting its interests in India, provided Russians with an opportunity to occupy and capture parts of Iran without the presence and intervention of a thirdparty opponent.

Traditional Iranian society, at the beginning of the 19th century, was involved in aggressive determination of the world powers which their benefits had been derived from emerging European disciple. As the main actors of this colonialist process, the governments of Russia, France and UK, have brought most disasters to Iran and Iranians. Among them, the tsarist Russian government with a territorial greed toward iran was the initiator of a long-term war. At the time of defence against Russian army, passive defence considerations and defensive architecture thereunder, was part of Iran’s millitary program. At that time, Abbas Mirza, the crown prince of Qajar, asked for advisory assistance from some European countries in order to modernize the order of the battle. In this regard, some European castle-building experiences was transferred to Iran. The first European style castles of Iran was Kurdasht and Abbasabad castles, built in the beach of Aras river. This research, which is conducted using analytic-descriptive method and based on library resources, attempts to examine the qualities of defensive architecture of Iranian army at that period regarding their design and construction.

The series of Wars between Persia and Greek, and the effective elements and factors in Achaemenid conquests, have received a fair deal of scholarly attention. However, what generally has been neglected is the propaganda used by both rival sides. The Achaemenid inscriptions and accounts of Greek historians suggest that the Persians and Greeks were not negligent in applying propaganda and anti- propaganda methods in different levels against together. The Persians in their conquests attempted, on various levels, to influence the subject of ethics and nations by the authority and greatness of their empire. The Greeks, particularly, were not an exception; the Persians in their expeditions to Greek showed that how much the use of propaganda manners can weaken the enemy and calling up the Greek allies. Sending messengers for gathering of information, to contact with effective forces such as the Greek temples Delphi, Branchidai, Magnesia, to propagandize the power and gracefulness of the Great King, the numerous number of royal army, sharing of more ethics and nations in expeditions, the celebration of various warlike matches, to review army in different places, the issuance of declaration and establishment of the steles in coquetted areas are propaganda cases that the Achaemenid used both in their conquests. Accordingly, this paper studies the Persian’s propaganda policy through survey of elements and ways of their propaganda in the Medic Wars.

Iran in Qajar period at the beginning of 19th century was an underdeveloped wretched country, inflicted with many problems such as Russo-Persian Wars. The structure of Iranian military forces was totally old that had been remained of Nader Shah era. Iranian defeat in Russo-Persian Wars was the first and foremost factor that directed Abbas Mirza and Mirza Abolghasem Ghaem Magham Farahani to the decadence and wretchedness of Iran and led them to undertake western-style reforms in order to modernize the army. The base of these reforms was the modernization of troops and founding a unified, well-ordered army by the help of European military advisors. The paper aims to, first, answers what led Abbas Mirza to reform in armed forces and, then, study the consequences and results of that reform. Findings show military structure, domestic and international situation and the necessity of founding a modern army in order to fight against the foreign invasions were of Abbas Mirza motivations in pursuing a modernistic approach. Analyzing his failures, it also presents the main hindrances Abbas Mirza faced to.

This paper pays particular attention to three critical junctures in Iran’, s contemporary history: The Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century, Iran’, s occupation by the Allies in 1941, and the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s. Combining a constructivist approach to geopolitics with the theory of Social Reality Construction, this article argues that these series of Wars in the past two centuries have created an intersubjectivity, making Iranians feel “, lonely”,when the very survival of their state was at the stake. While Iran’, s geographical situation has brought the country to the core of the great powers’,attention, repeated foreign invasions or interventions seem to have reproduced a sense of vulnerability for the Iranians. This paper is constructed around the following question: Is there something embedded in Iran’, s geography that betrays this land’, s sovereignty and imposes loneliness? The conclusion is that there is no natural or geographical reason to justify Iran's loneliness in the international arena, but rather, a perceptual construct reproduced by the historical context of events. The imposition of great political powers to contain Iran in its geography and to make it a buffer zone constitute a spatial reality,however, the feeling of loneliness derives from the social construction of reality.

Previous studies on Iranian perspectives regarding the Russia-Japan War have highlighted works written by Qajar-era Iranians in support of Japan. This article, by comparing two Persian texts from the Qajar period, first aims to illustrate the diversity and divergence of Persian-language viewpoints on the Russia-Japan War; secondly, to contribute to a clearer understanding of how Iranians’ mental image of other nations was formed in the modern era. The author of Bahr al-Fawa’id supports Russia, arguing that Russia’s defeat in this war would be detrimental to Iran, citing economic, cultural, and political reasons. He emphasizes the role of Britain and other Western powers in instigating and prolonging this war, ultimately leading to Russia’s defeat. From his perspective, the best way to strengthen the nation is through popular support for the reigning monarch. In contrast, the author of Mikadonameh, a figure associated with the Constitutional Movement, views the Russia-Japan War through the lens of constitutionalism. He sees Russia as Iran’s historic enemy and considers Britain the ideal model for the world, believing that national strength can only be achieved through the establishment of a constitutional government and the promotion of knowledge and justice. In summary, the authors of both works hold extreme and opposing views in their support of contemporary powers and adopt entirely conflicting stances on the Russia-Japan War and its implications for Iran.

Shortly after gulf war (G.W) thousands of war veterans referred with sign and symptoms of an unknown disease called G.W illness. Despite multiple studies undertaken by several non-governmental and governmental centers this illness remains unclassified and can not be coded by international classification of disease (I.C.D). The etiology has not been found and the illness appears to be multifactorial and basically related to use of depleted uranium (D.U) weapons, chemical warfare (C.W) and biological agents. This article reviews this illness and the adverse effects of D.U and B.c.W agents in the G.W battlefields.

Golestan e Eram was written by Abbasqulu Agha Bakikhanov. This book is one of the most important local history works on Shirvan and Dagestan in the 19th century.Bakikhanov was linked to the Russian government. He was part of the Russo-Iranian Wars and Treaty of Gulistan.“Golestan e Eram” was written in Persian. However, other Persian historians on Iran and Caucasus, wrote unscientific works full of subjectivity. Using analytic-descriptive method and relying on library sources, this study attempts to fully introduce this work as well as to analyze its content and writing style.

Background: Depleted uranium (DU) is a byproduct of natural uranium enrichment process. Its unique characteristics (eg high density) caused to use in civilian and military fields extensively. In the military fields, DU is used in the bullets and projectiles war hats. The munitions containing DU were used in the recent Wars, more strikingly in the Middle East region (first and second Persian Gulf Wars, and Afghanistan). Due to its biological impacts, this study aimed to assess biological effects of DU using scientometrics by investigating papers indexed in Pub med from 1990-2008, to reveal the number and type of articles and also the important dimensions of DU biological impacts as well as the core issues. Methods: In this descriptive epidemiologic study, quantitative methods (counting frequency of words) and scientometrics were used. Sample size was the total of the articles indexed in Pubmed during 1991 - 2008, containing the terms "Gulf War" and "Depleted Uranium" in their title or keywords. Results: The most compromised body systems were urinary, nervous and cardiovascular. Other systems such as endocrine, musculoskeletal, immune and respiratory were also mentioned. Conclusion: Highly controversial results which have been stated in the surveyed articles about DU biological and environmental impacts caused the authors to recommend long term investigations for assessing its effects on recurrence to reveal potential late effects of DD.