Background: One of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is universal access to clean water and basic sanitation by 2030. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) support SDG targets such as eliminating poverty and improving health and education. Methods: The sample of this study amounted to 30 schools consisting of 10 elementary schools, 10 junior high schools, and 10 senior high schools. Sampling was based on stakeholder decisions on several issues related to washing. Results: This study was conducted by directly observing schools regarding the amount of drinking water, number of toilets, bathrooms, handwashing facilities alone, and handwashing facilities with water and soap. The results showed that elementary and junior high schools have insufficient toilet facilities and low handwashing facilities with water and soap. The average number of handwashing facilities with water and soap in schools in Bekasi City, Indonesia, was 1 for elementary schools, followed by junior high schools and high schools for 4-5 points. Conclusion: As soap is still unavailable in many Bekasi City schools, and there are inadequate handwashing facilities, it is recommended that handwashing facilities must be available with soap and water.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A lousy environment has the potential to be a predictor of disease transmission, which ultimately results in malnutrition among children. Meanwhile, the mother's role is crucial in the first 1000 days of life. This research aimed to determine the determinants of maternal behavior in preventing chronic malnutrition in children on the basis of environmental aspects.METHODS: This cross-sectional study with a quantitative design was conducted in Surabaya, Indonesia, with a sample of 208 pregnant women and 222 mothers of toddlers. A questionnaire was used to identify information related to the dependent variable, chronic malnutritional prevention behavior, on the basis of environmental aspects, and independent variables related to the determinants of maternal behavior. Data were analyzed via Chi-square test using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences.FINDINGS: As many as 80.8 percent of pregnant women and 65.8 percent of mothers under five had good chronic malnutritionchronic malnutrition prevention behavior. The perception of behavioral control in using clean water is significantly related to the behavior of pregnant women and mothers of toddlers, with significance values of 0.012 and 0.013, respectively. The perceived behavioral control towards washing hands with soap has a significant relationship with the behavior of pregnant women and mothers of toddlers, with significance values of 0.003 and 0.005, respectively. Pregnant women with poor behavioral control in washing their hands with clean water and soap were 2.963 times more likely to have poor chronic malnutritionchronic malnutritional prevention behavior than the comparison group. Subjective norms of using clean water and washing hands with clean water and soap in pregnant women are significantly related to chronic malnutritionchronic malnutrition prevention behavior, with significance values of 0.011 and 0.049, respectively, and odds ratios of 2 and 2.280, respectively.CONCLUSION: Environment-based chronic malnutritionchronic malnutritional prevention behavior in mothers is primarily influenced by perceived behavioral control and subjective norms. The family can be part of the subjective norms that drive aspects of attitudes and perceptions of behavioral control related to environment-based chronic malnutritionchronic malnutrition prevention practices. Meanwhile, the aspects of controlling maternal behavior can be intervened through efforts to minimize obstacles and increase the perception of benefits from behavior to prevent chronic malnutrition. Maternal behavioral change interventions could encourage the implementation of good behavior in preventing malnutrition in children. In the end, children could learn the behavior given by their mothers and adopt it.

Regarding the diversified needs of the customers and various products of competitors, the importance of agility in supply chain management becomes more significant. Suppliers should provide materials and essential resources of manufacturers without any lead time. In this research, we used a two-stage method for supplier selection. In the first stage, we used a new Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method based on network framework to determine the efficiency of the suppliers. This model considered 4 layers for supply chain of each supplier. At the end of this stage, the better suppliers have been selected for the second stage. In the second stage, after determining the efficient suppliers, we identified several criteria for agility in sanitation supply chain. Due to the uncertainty on the supplier’s data, we used a fuzzy Delphi method and ideas of experts about those criteria have been finalized in 8 criteria. Next step was devoted to prioritization of 5 selected suppliers in sanitation industry based on the final criteria with fuzzy VIKOR.

Background and purpose: Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by arthropods. Given its significance in society's health and environmental sanitation's impact on its outbreak, it is important to increase awareness, monitoring, and prevention of this disease. Due to insufficient information in this field, this review article aims to provide insights into the factors influencing the spread of dengue fever. Materials and Methods: The current review was conducted by searching the Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases using the keywords "Dengue fever, " "environmental sanitation, " "Aedes mosquito, " "Drainage of water reservoirs, " and "Waste Management" and articles published between 2000 and 2023 were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The findings of the study indicated that changes in environmental improvement factors affect the spread and prevalence of dengue fever. Additionally, the presence of stagnant water in ponds and pits, along with the accumulation of waste materials such as cans, plastic containers, and especially worn tires, has been identified as factors that increase the population of Aedes mosquito larvae. The study also determined that implementing measures such as emptying and weekly washing water tanks, as well as establishing a waste management program, can effectively control this disease. Conclusion: The implementation of environmental sanitation measures in waste management systems, sewage collection, drainage, and water storage in reservoirs is an effective strategy for reducing the population of dengue carriers, and consequently, mitigating the spread of the disease.

Personal and social hygiene has been a matter of utmost importance in the Iranian traditional medicine and even prioritized to the art of treatment of illnesses. Based on six essential hygienic tenets, regulations were promulgated with the intent of safeguarding the health of individual and society. These six principles comprise the environmental conditions, nutrition, balanced physical exercise, adequate rest, regular elimination of bodily waste and mental balance are discussed in detail in this article.

Background: Poor hygiene and sanitation knowledge and practices pose serious health risks to vulnerable populations, such as school-going children. Kenya is among the 26 countries worldwide that account for 90% of open defecation. School-led total sanitation (SLTS) is a novel intervention that has been successfully implemented in South African countries to improve sanitation and hygiene outcomes among school-going children. Despite the intervention’s success elsewhere, it has not been implemented in Kenya. The main aim of this study was to assess SLTS’ effectiveness in improving sanitation and hygiene knowledge and practices among school-going children in Baringo County. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted involving 434 pupils divided into intervention and control groups across three schools in each study group. A six-month intervention included triggering, forming health clubs, training sessions, and distributing information, education, and information materials. Thereafter, an evaluation was performed 3 months post-intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS V18. The Chi-square test was used to compare knowledge and practices in both groups, while the difference in differences (DID) method assessed intervention effectiveness. Results: Compared to the control group (15.2%), children in the intervention group (63.2%) showed significantly high knowledge levels (χ2=104.67, df=1, P<0.0001). There was a 52.3% mean increase in knowledge among children in the intervention group. A more considerable number of pupils (85.6%) in the intervention schools washed their hands with soap compared to 65.5% (χ 2=23.57, df=1, P<0.0001) in the control group, demonstrating an increase of 19.6%. In the intervention group, there was a significantly lower proportion of pupils who practiced open defecation at home (16.3%) compared to 35.4% in the control group (χ 2=25.0, df=1, P<0.0001). Conclusion: The SLTS intervention led to an increase in knowledge on sanitation and hygiene but a reduction in open defecation at home among school-going children. These findings revealed that SLTS is an effective approach that can be adopted by regional governments, national governments, and other stakeholders as an additional intervention to address the problem of poor hygiene and sanitation in Kenya.