In a strange and mythological tale in the so-called historical section of the Shahnameh (the Sassanid empire period of Hurmuzd), Bahram Chobin meets a crowned woman in the palace. After that, he weeps blood, overlooks and changes his manners and speeches. He claims to be a king. A number of eight different interpretations and views have been presented about the identity of this mysterious woman, extracted from the Shahnameh or contemporary writings. These are: (1) a witch, (2) fortune of Bahram, (3) a fairy, (4) an angel, (5) a deceptive soul, (6) Daena, (7) a Demon or female demon, and (8) glory. In addition to the Shahnameh referring to this woman as the "fortune" and two ancient and reliable texts introducing her as a "fairy" (Tarikh-i Tabari or The History of al-Tabari and Tabari and Nihayat al-Arab), the traditions and characteristics of the story show remarkable similarities to the narrative theme of "Fairy and Hero". This lady is more likely to be the fortune of Bahram, originally appeared in the form of a fairy and made him fond of her beauty, and provoked Bahram be a rebel against the Sasanian king as he faced his fortune. Through metamorphoses of Iranian national narratives and dropping some part of her mythological points, this fairy has changed to a good-natured, but obscure lady in the Shahnameh.

Given the importance of cost management and the expansion of its various dimensions as well as the financial performance of the company has an important place in the operating costs of companies and institutions, the theoretical relationship between its operational levels and related cost behavior is important and significant Attention. In this study, the positive relationship between organizational capital and the sticky behavior of sales, public and administrative costs has been investigated and tested. The statistical population of the study includes companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange that 75 companies in the period 2007 to 2013 have been selected from the statistical population by a systematic elimination method. In terms of purpose, the present study is a descriptive-correlational study in which, with a deductive-inductive approach, the primary information is collected through experiment and observation and analyzed using statistical methods. And lead to the production of theory. The result of the research is to present a model of operating cost management based on cost behavior that the results can help managers in designing and implementing an efficient cost management system and determine the effective impact of various aspects of cost management on the performance of organizations. As a result, managers and owners of companies, considering the above reason, learn the strategies related to adjusting this cost behavior pattern and achieving efficiency in distribution, sales and office costs, and through this, they can guide the performance of the firm

Introduction: Researches on quality of life in urban environments have gained considerable attention by the urban scientists. These studies have specific approach in different dimensions. For example, they may cover different geographical regions and the specific aspects of quality of life such as housing, income, safety issues and etc. Quality of life has a comprehensive meaning which ranges from good, satisfied to happy life. Foo defined quality of life as follow "quality of life examines two sets of objective and subjective indexes in many cases". Subjective indexes extract from measuring the perceptions, attitudes and satisfaction of people regarding to their urban environment, while objective indexes would obtain via visible realities which are available in the form of secondary data. Given the level of quality of life in the study both indexes could be used for showing the level of urban quality of life.

The increase in mechanized harvesting and harvesting machinery has led to the development of scientific approaches for choosing the best harvesting system. Seed com is an important crop in Iran that is very sensitive to the harvesting system and has high economic value. There are several systems and machines that can be used to harvest seed com, but all systems should be evaluated precisely. The present study evaluated a two-stage harvesting system (picker-husker), grain combine, and Wintersteiger combine for seven criteria (harvesting loss, energy usage, rent of machinery, safety and comfort of operator, instruction required, maintenance cost, field capacity) using TOPSIS and SAW models. The results of TOPSIS were CL * values of 0.60, 0.57 and 0.42 for picker-husker, grain combine, and Wintersteiger combine, respectively. A * values for the SAW model were 0.78, 0.55 and 0.49, respectively. The calculations produced the same results for the two models and it was concluded that the best system was the picker- husker harvesting system, followed by the grain combine and then the Wintersteiger combine.

Water crisis resource management originates from limited resources has made it essential to study the prioritization of traditional and modern methods of sustainable water resource management. The objective of such studies is to provide a list of prioritized traditional and modern methods of sustainable water resource management. This research aims to study rainwater harvesting method and qanat as two traditional methods of water production and transfer. cisterns (Ab Anbars) and the water consumption patterns in Persian gardens are considered as two traditional and sustainable methods of water storage and consumption. The modern methods have been extracted from the Tennessee standard. From the existing methods, using ground slope for water transfer, adjusting water pressure based on consumption rate, qanat, cistern, rainwater harvesting system, drip irrigation system, green roof, sustainable vegetative cover, water absorbing pavement, and rainwater collection system on the roof have been selected and the investment options are listed for updating and implementation purposes. The rate of energy consumption, lifetime of facilities, stationary of the method, costs of production and transfer, observing regional management pattern, use of local materials and professionals, and health issues are the criteria applied for the prioritization of the items based on Delphi method. The prioritization was carried out by SAW (simple additive weighting method). According to the results, slope of the ground was the first priority of these items, and rainwater collecting system on the roof, the last priority.

Clay is a type of problematic soils that can cause problems such as swelling, settlement and significant deformation due to the absorption of water and moisture. Today, the use of available and waste materials to prevent environmental pollution to stabilize problematic soils is considered that one of these materials is sawdust ash. In the present study, the possibility of improving the properties of clay using sawdust ash has been assessed. For this purpose, sawdust ash with weight percentages of 3, 6, 9 was mixed with clay and then cured for 1, 7 and 14 days. In order to evaluate the geotechnical behavior of stabilized soil, Atterberg limits, standard compoaction, uniaxial compressive strength, direct shear, California bearing ratio (CBR) and consolidation tests have been performed. The results of the present study show that the optimum amount of sawdust ash is equal to 3% during the curing time of 14 days. In improved soil, the placticity index is 49%, the compression index is reduced by 40% and the maximum dry intensity is up to 14%, the uniaxial compressive strength is 65% and the shear strength at the moment of failure is on average 53.6% compared to not the stabilization state increased.

Purpose: In the contemporary landscape, managers encounter intricate challenges in optimization problems that necessitate consideration of multiple conflicting criteria. This paper explores and delineates the characteristics of interval applications in multi-criteria decision-making models.Methodology: Initially, the attributes of interval applications are introduced and scrutinized. Subsequently, the interval-based Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) decision-making method is presented, wherein criteria are represented as intervals rather than single values. This approach enables managers to make more comprehensive decisions by accounting for a spectrum of possible values for each criterion.Findings: Ultimately, examples of solved interval-based multi-criteria decision-making models are provided to illustrate the practical application of these methods. It is noteworthy that this paper does not employ fuzzy numbers for the criteria, but rather considers the interval [a, b].Originality/Value: This methodology aids managers in conducting more precise analyses and evaluations of various options, thereby facilitating better decision-making in the face of uncertainties and environmental fluctuations.