In this research, after reviewing the theories of belief and faith development and principles of Islamic religion, the Belief Development Scale was constructed on the basis of Glock and Stark model.The content validity of the 60 items of the scale was assessed by a group of experts, 75 percent of whom approved the face and content validity of 53 items.The 53 items scale of belief development were then administered on a random sample group of high school students and alpha coefficient was computed. After discarding 18 items which did not correlate significantly to total scale score, alpha coefficient was found to be 0.91. To assess the construct validity of the scale, factor analysis (principle component) was carried out. After varimax rotation, 5 factors were emerged that account for 64 percent of the total variance of the scale. The 5 factors are: religion affect, faith and beliefs, knowledge of religion, religion influence and religion rituals.

AbstractIntroduction and purpose: Security approach through design is one of the most effective and efficient approaches in the field of promoting urban security that can play a significant role in securing urban spaces. For this purpose, the purpose of this article is to present a model for measuring urban security and to introduce a security approach through design. Methodology: In the present study, the research method is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey method based on the method and nature.findings: The assessment model is presented from library studies and field methods have been used to collect information according to the nature of the research. The study shows the difference in the level of urban security among the three zones of the study area so that zone 3 is the safest zone in the area, also "territory" with a weight of 0.88 has the most role in establishing the security of the study area And "monitoring" with a weight of 0.08 has the least role in the whole range.Results: The results show that Zone 3 with a security level of 0.550 is the safest zone and has an aggressive strategy. Also, zone 2 with a weight of 0.251 has the lowest level of security and has a defensive strategy among the three zones of the health neighborhood.

Methyl propionate, also known as methyl propanoate, is a clear colourless liquid with a characteristic odour (fruity smell and taste). In this study, the formation of methyl propionate through the esterification o propionic acid and methanol was investigated in the reactive distillation system using a conventional (CBD), single feed (SF-SBD), and double feed semi-batch distillation (DF-SBD) columns for the first time. The performances measure of these distillation systems were evaluated in terms of minimum batch time for a given separation task. The optimization results clearly showed that the DF-SBD system is a more attractive operation in terms of reaction conversion, and maximum achievable purity as compared to the SF SBD, and CBD processes.

Introduction: Safety and security have been significant issues throughout history, from early prehistoric cave-dwelling societies to medieval and modern cities (P. Cozens, 2008). Crime is a part of our way of living. It is tied to the physical distribution of people and objects, to the routine activity patterns of daily life, and to the ways in which people perceive and use information about the environment (Brantingham & Brantingham, 1993).

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiographic features of stafne bone defects in patients referred to a private radiology center from March 2013 to 2016 in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Method: In this retrospective cross-sectional study 5000 CBCTs were evaluated with the definitive diagnosis of SBD. Radiolucencies between the molar region and angle of mandible were considered as SBD and if no increase in the size of the depressions was observed in the second panoramic view, the diagnosis of SBD was made. After selecting the radiographs with SBD, all their radiographic characteristics were recorded. Results: Among the 5000 CBCT radiographs, 10 (0. 2%) SBD cases were diagnosed, 9 in males and only 1 case in a female. All SBDs were between the molar regions and the angle of mandible and were categorized as the posterior variant of SBD. In our studied cases SBD was near the inferior border of mandible and in 3 cases the depressions disrupted the continuity of the inferior mandibular border. The lesion’ s shape was oval in 7 cases and round in the others. In total 5 cases were categorized as type I, 4 as type II and one case as type III of SBD. Conclusion: According to our findings, SBD is an uncommon lesion in the mandible and CBCT can be used as a non-invasive method to detect this defect.

Shea biodiesel (SBD) was produced and blended with diesel at various proportions to produce 100B (SBD), 75B, 50B, 25B, and D (diesel) as fuel types. The SBD and other fuel types were characterised by ASTM standard methods for its physicochemical properties. The fuel types were used in a compression ignition engine (CIE) to test for its fuel consumption, (FC) specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust temperature (ET) and emission characteristics hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The physicochemical properties of SBD in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cloud and pour points, and cetane number were 884.7 kg/m3, 5.69 mm2/s, 165 oC, 12 oC, 9 oC and 55, respectively; while those of diesel were 860.4 kg/m3, 2.6 mm2/s, 73 oC, 2.4 oC, -9 oC and 49, respectively. The results were within the range of the standard. The results obtained at 12 Nm torque for SFC, FC, BTE, and ET for SBD were 0.21 kg/kW.h, 0.71 kg/h, 12.69%, and 365 oC, respectively, while those of diesel were 0.31 kg/kW.h, 1.12 kg/h, 8.46%, and 330 oC, respectively. These results show that the SBD and diesel possessed similarity in terms of performance. The SBD is environmentally friendly compared to diesel. This study shows that the SBD possessed quality alternative replacement to diesel suitable for a CIE.

Background: Social Behavioral Disorders (SBD) is significantly widespread among teenagers in such a way that psychologists called it as "the new hidden morbidity". Therefore, screening of teenagers, finding out the related demographic factors and introducing them to consultation centers are very important points for therapeutic interventions.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 400 male teenagers aged 13- 18 years old were randomly selected in two stages, from a population in Bushehr in November 2005. Pediatric Symptoms Checklist 35-items Questionnaire (PSC/35) was used for their parents or their close relatives. The PSC/35 has 93% and 71% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. The cutoff point of 28 was considered as the state of having SBD using this Questionnaire.Results: Overall 148 (37%) male teenagers were recognized to have SBD. SBD was more prevalent in boys with an annual educational average score of 14 (out of 20) in comparison with those with 14-17 or >17. Father's job (labor, farmer or multiple job), predisposed his teenager children to SBD more than when he was employee or businessman. These behavioral abnormalities were more common if they were living with a single parent (death or divorce). SBD was more prevalent in those with externalized personality than both inter-externalized and internalized personalities. Less social behavioral disorders had a positive correlation with leisure time activities. Increase of age in male teenagers, number or order of children, being single, parents level of education, mother's occupation and the total income rate of the family had no significant correlation with SBD.Conclusions: The prevalence of social behavioral disorders in male teenagers of Bushehr port is more than industrial countries. Demographic factors such as father's job (labor, farmer or multiple jobs), living with a single parent (death or divorce), no leisure time activity, and internalized personality were related to SBD in male teenagers.

In this study, the stability of the foundation near a slope is investigated through a typical example of designing a shallow foundation. Foundation stability is typically evaluated through the bearing capacity’s factor of safety and the reliability of the design, which depicts a more realistic perspective of design safety. Although an increase in the bearing capacity of the foundation leads to a subsequent increase in the safety factor and reliability index, a monotonically increasing functional relationship between the safety factor and reliability does not exist. This study investigates the effects of the foundation and slope properties on the Reliability-based Design (RBD) and Safety-Factor Based Design (SBD). Also, some valuable hints for practical engineers” who are not familiar with reliability concepts” are presented to achieve a more reliable SBD. The results show that it is vital to consider how to increase the bearing capacity in the SBD methods. For example, in cohesive-frictional soils, by changing the embedment depth of the foundation (df), and the distance between the foundation and slope crest (x) to reach the target safety factor, we can obtain a more reliable SBD.