Background: The Japanese government advised mild or asymptomatic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases to self-isolate at home, while more severe individuals were treated at health posts. Poor compliance with self-isolation could be a potential reason for the new outbreak. Our study aimed to find out the correlation between the rising new cases of COVID-19 and home-based patients in Japan. Methods: A secondary data analysis study was conducted with the data from COVID-19involved databases collected from Johns Hopkins University, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and Community Mobility Reports of Google. New community cases, stringency index, number of tests, and active cases were analyzed. Using a linear regression model, an independent variable was utilized for a given date to predict the future number of community cases. Results: Research results show that outpatient cases, the stringency, and Google Mobility Trend were all significantly associated with the number of COVID-19 community cases from the sixth day to the ninth day. The model predicting community cases on the eighth day (R2 = 0. 8906) was the most appropriate showing outpatients, residential index, grocery and pharmacy index, retail and recreation index, and workplaces index were positively related (β, 1 = 24. 2, 95% CI: 20. 3–,26. 3, P < 0. 0001, β, 2 = 277. 7, 95% CI: 171. 8–, 408. 2, P < 0. 0001,β, 3 = 112. 4, 95% CI: 79. 8–, 158. 3, P < 0. 0001,β, 4 = 73. 1, 95% CI: 53-04. 4, P < 0. 0001,β, 5 = 57. 2, 95% CI: 25. 2–, 96. 8, P = 0. 001, respectively). In contrast, inpatients, park index, and adjusted stringency index were negatively related to the number of community cases (β, 6 =-2. 8, 95% CI:-3. 9 –,-1. 6, P < 0. 0001,β, 7 =-33, 95% CI:-43. 6 –,-27, P < 0. 0001,β, 8 =-14. 4, 95% CI:-20. 1–,-12, P < 0. 0001, respectively). Conclusion: Outpatient cases and indexes of Community Mobility Reports were associated with COVID-19 community cases.

Background: Through the extensive use of public media, the government of England was heavily involved in encouraging and instructing people on how to manage their life during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This model of health emergency governance replicates the practice of ‘, calculative technologies’,and ‘, bio-politics’,embedded in population management. Previous research on COVID-19 governance both in the United Kingdom and beyond provides varied revelations on broader ‘, technologies of government’,and bio-politics by numerous governments. However, rarely have any studies explicitly and distinctively highlighted the unique ‘, calculative technologies’,mobilised by governments within their bio-politically designed “, technologies of government”,to compel the populations to manage their lives under their COVID-19 guidance. The paper therefor examines how the UK government deployed “, calculative technologies, ”,as part of its strategies of health governance and governmentality during the first wave of COVID-19 in England. Methods: This study uses document analysis as its data collection method. Its review includes documents, press releases, social media disclosures and health guidance issued by the UK government from March to December, 2020. The data are analysed employing the Foucault’, s governmentality and bio-political scholarship. Results: The paper’, s findings reveal the UK government’, s use of integrated calculative technologies of self-governance in the form of risk calculations and metrices/statistics (eg, death tolls, infection rates), performance management (eg, two metre social distancing, and hand washing for twenty seconds) and discipline and control (eg, fourteen days selfisolation), in addition to a more conventional top-down, managerial decision-making process adopted in the past. By these newly initiated “, calculative technologies, ”,the government has “, bio-politically”,governed the behaviours and lifestyles of vulnerable community members, health workers and general public at a distance, inculcating selfmanagement and individualisation of responsibility. Conclusion: The newly adopted calculative technologies used by the UK government created a multi-faceted discourse of obligations, entitlements and scale of engagement, and facilitated directions about what people should do to protect themselves and others from the spread of the virus. Overall, the overtly and idiosyncratically used calculative technologies resemble a unique ‘, art of government’,and produce a set of ‘, bio-political’,interventions enforcing the populations to manage their own wellbeing and governing them at a distance during COVID-19.