In order to study of barely and wheat cultivars tolerance to metribuzin, a factorial experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design, with three replications in Greenhouse of Agricultural Research at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Treatments included wheat cultivars (Backcross roshan, Cross Arvand, Bahar, Sepahan, Gascosion, Sayonez, Bam garmsiry, Garmsiri, Ghods, Pishtaz, Chamran and Shoori 6), barely cultivars (Macouyi, Karoon and Bahman) and metribuzin application rates ( 0, 175, 350, 700, 1050, 1400 and 2100 gr. ai.ha-1). Metribuzine was applied at 3-4 leaf stage and 3 weeks after herbicide spraying, plants survival and their biomass were determined. Results showed that metribuzin application had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on barley and wheat dry weight. Based on results, mertibuzin application did not affect on barley cultivars up to 30 g.a.i.ha-1 but in wheat varieties lead to significant reduction in their biomass and survival. Increasing of metribuzin rates reduced wheat and barley cultivars biomass (p≤0.01). Barely varieties were less sensitive than wheat cultivars to metribuzine. The highest and the lowest ED50 in wheat cultivars were observed in cross arvand (940) and shoori (25) varieties, respectively. In barley cultivars the highest and lowest ED50 were observed in Macouyi (614) and Karoon (396), respectively.

In order to evaluate mixture of rimsulfuron (Titus) and metribuzin (Sencor) herbicides on weed control, yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ) a factorial experiment conducted on the base of Randomized Complete Block Design in 3 replications and use of Agria cultivar of potato in Research Field of Mohaghegh Ardabili University at 2016. The treatments consist of rimsulfuron herbicide in 0, 12. 5, 25, 37. 5 and 50 gr ai/ha and metribuzin in 0, 153. 25, 306. 50, 459. 75 and 613 gr ai/ha for 5 herbicide mixture percentage (as: 0: 613, 12. 5: 459. 75, 25: 306. 50, 37. 5: 153. 25 and 50: 0) and the second factor was different time of application of this herbicides include (pre-plant and potato emergence). In order to results of experiment, use of rimsulfuron + metribuzin herbicide mixture improved the efficacy of each one of herbicides in weed control by means of lowering weed density. The results of stem yield and total yield of potato tuber showed that use of 306. 50 gr ai/ha metribuzin + 25 gr ai/ha rimsulfuron in emergence stage induced 10. 53% and 61. 83% yield of stem and total yield in comparison to weedy.

Field experiments were conducted to determine whether soybean grown in 36-cm rows and a 2* population could improve weed control relative to 60-cm rows and 1* population under reduced herbicide options. Experiment was conducted in split plot design with four replications at Karaj and Lorestan. Main plots were 1) 36-cm rows and 2* population and 2) 60-cm rows and 1* population. Five treatments of herbicides were as supplots included 1) a standard treatment of Basagran + Nabues (100%), 2) Basagran + Nabues (25% of the standard rates), 3) a standard treatment of Treflan + Sencor (100%), 4) Treflan + Sencor (25% of the standard rates),  5) without herbicide (control). Weed control was better with Basagran + Nabues than Treflan + Sencor. Weeds control was less in the 25%- herbicide treatments than in the standard treatments when soybean was grown in 60-cm with 1* population. The 25%-herbicide treatments when soybean was grown in 36-cm rows with a 2* population provided weed control and grain yield similar or further than 60-cm rows and 1* population with 100% herbicide. Weed control was poor and yield was reduced when no herbicides were applied regardless of row spacing or population.  

In order to study of chemical and mechanical weed management methods and their integration in potato (Solanum tuberosum), a field experiment was done in 2008 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Research Field. Experimental design was completely randomize block design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment included broadcast herbicide application (standard treatment), between row cultivation, banded herbicide application (in-row), between row cultivation + banded herbicide (integrated treatment), and weed free and weed infested (controls). metribuzin (sencor) was applied as pre-emergence at 1.2 kg/ha product in all herbicide treatments. In broadcast and banded herbicide treatments, sencor was applied on entire plot and in row (in a 25 cm band over the row), respectively. Cultivation treatment was done 3 weeks after potato emergence. Results were showed significant effects of treatments on weed control percentage, density, and biomass, potato leaf area index and yield. Highest weed control percentage and so highest potato yield was obtained in weed free control, broadcast herbicide, cultivation + banded herbicide, banded herbicide and cultivation treatments, respectively. Highest potato yield was obtained in weed free control (34.43 t/ha) and after that broadcast herbicide (31.13 t/ha) and banded herbicide + cultivation (27.93 t/ha) resulted in higher yield than other weed control practices. Difference of weed control percentage, density, and biomass in banded herbicide + cultivation and broadcast treatments was not significant, also potato yield in banded herbicide + cultivation reduced no more than 10% relative to broadcast herbicide. Despites lower weed control level and potato yield in integrated treatment, herbicide use decreased 66% relative to broadcast application, which has significant importance from economical and environmental point of view.

In order to survey the efficiency of metribuzin herbicide (sencor %75 wp) in weed control and its influence on wheat cultivars, a field study was conducted in Varamin region. Experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replication as factorial arrangement. The experimental factors consist of: wheat cultivar in 3 levels (Shiraz, Pishtaz and M-79-6 line), different amount of metribuzin herbicide in 4 levels (0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 kg/ha as commercial substance in form of 75 percent wettable powders (wp %75) and time application of herbicide in 2 levels (Pre-emergence and Post-emergence), together with weed infested treatment were compared and evaluated. For results explanation wheat yield (grain & biological), weeds dry matter and their number was measured before and 30 days after herbicide treatment. Results showed that 0.5 Kg/ha dose in pre-emergence time had the most suitable influence on reducing weeds control and least phytotoxicity on wheat cultivars. But due to high phytotoxicity, wheat cultivars and different amount of metribuzin in two time application were not showed any significant difference in wheat yield in weed infested treatments and non-treatments.

To evaluate the yield loss of potato crop caused by weeds in the Ardebil potato fields and to compare the efficiency of the traditional hand weeding and chemical control, an experiment, using a randomized complete block, was conducted in two main potato producing regions of Ardebil (Niar and Agbilagh) in 1997. Three treatments that were included in the experiment were: no control (check), three time hand weeding during the growing season, and chemical control using Sencor (Metribuzin WP 70%) as pre-emergence herbicide. Analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference at I% level between the treatments in both regions. The tuber yield of chemical control treatment was 32% and 10% lower than hand weeding in Niar and Agbilagh, respectively. The tuber yield of no control (check) treatment was also 63% and 43% lower than hand weeding in Niar and Agbilagh, respectively. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference between two locations, treatments and the interaction of treatments locations. The mean tuber yield of hand weeding, chemical control and no control (check) were 29.8, 23.46 and 13.90t/ha, respectively. It was also found that the tuber yield of hand weeding and chemical control treatments were higher by 15.90 and 9.56 t/ha respectively in comparison with no control (check). The mean tuber yield in no control (check) was 53% lower than the hand weeding treatment.    

. treatments included Pendimethalin (Prowl CS 45%) With concentrations of 2.5, 3 and 3.5 L ha-1 After planting potato, Metribuzin (Sencor WP 70%), 750 g.ha-1 After planting potato and Pre weed emergence to Four leaf weed, Rimsulfuron (Rima DF25%), 100 g ha-1 Three or Five leaf weed, Paraquat (Gramaxon Sl 20%), 3 L ha-1 After planting potato and A maximum of 70 percent of Pre emergence potato, Sulfosulfuron (Apiros WG 75%) 30 g ha-1 Three or Five leaf weed, And control treatment is hand weeding. The results showed that the density and biomass of weeds were affected by the herbicide treatments So that weeds biomass the highest treatments show in Sulfosulfuron 30 g ha-1 and Paraquat 3 L ha-1 and lowest percentage biomass loss were for treatments of Rimsulfuron 100 g ha-1, Pendimethalin 2.5, 3 L ha-1 and Metribuzin 750 g ha-1. The Use of 30 g ha-1 Sulfosulfuron, decreased weed density and biomass of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) 100 percent controlled. In the case of field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), all treatments except Pendimethalin 2.5, 3 L ha-1, were suitable in reducing the density and biomass of this weed for Red root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) all treatments except Paraquat 3 L ha-1, were suitable. Results, also, showed that application 30 g ha-1 Sulfosulfuron and Pendimethalin 3.5 L ha-1, after weed free, increased total tuber yield by 89.34 and 84. 69 percent respectively.

Introduction[1] Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crops in Iran. The area under cultivation of this crop in Fars’s province is 421,000 hectares. Weeds are one of the most significant factors limiting crop production. They primarily decrease grain yield by competing with the crop for light, nutrients, water, and root space.  Weeds can cause a significant reduction in wheat yield, with an average by 23-35%. The most important weed species of wheat in Fars are including Lolium rigidum L., Bromus tectorum L., Mavla neglecta Wallr., Hirschfeldia incana L., Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B., Centaurea solstitialis L., Veronica persica L. The rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is one of the most troublesome weeds in winter wheat fields of Fars province. Lolium rigidum, has the capacity to produce 45,000 seeds m−2 in infested wheat fields. Its highly competitive nature for nutrients has been reported to cause a significant reduction in wheat yield. The application of herbicides is the most common method of weed control in wheat fields. Herbicides are registered for weed control in winter wheat fields included of Axial®, Topik®, Othello®, Atlantis®, Total®, Bromicide® MA, Geranestar® and Apiros®. There are a limited number of herbicides that is used in wheat. Therefore, it is necessary to register new herbicides in winter wheat. The objectives of this research were to optimize the dosage of FenoMetri in combination with a non-ionic surfactant, Tifis®, and to compare its efficacy with other pre-mixed herbicides (Bromicide® MA, Othello®, and Atlantis®). Materials and Methods In order to study the efficacy of herbicides for controlling weeds in wheat fields, an experiment was conducted at the Fars Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Darab, Iran, during 2021-2022. This experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included post emergence application of Bromicide MA® at 1.5 L ha–1 + Topik® at 1 L ha–1, Bromicide MA® at 1.5 L ha–1 +Puma-super® at 1 L ha–1, Granstar® at 20 g ha–1 +Topik® at 1 L ha–1, Atlantis® at 1.5 L ha–1, Othello® at 1.6 L ha–1, Tifis® at 300 g ha–1, FenoMetri  at 0.8, 1 and 1.2 L ha–1 with and without surfactant at 1 L ha–1, Sencor® 800 g ha–1 (400 g ha–1 in the 1- 3 leaf stage + 400 g ha–1 in the tillering stage of wheat and Control (hand weeding). Each plot was divided into two subplots. One subplot was treated with the herbicide applications, while the other subplot was left unsprayed to consider as a weedy check treatment for comparison purposes. Herbicide treatments were applied in tillering stage of wheat (Zadoks’ scale = 25) using a pressure backpack sprayer equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip, which delivered 350 L ha-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. Traits were recorded including weed density, weed biomass, plant height, grains per spike, number spikes, 1000 grains weigh, grain yield and biological yield. Weed density and dry weight were determined in random 0.50-m2 quadrates per plot. The grain yield and biological yield were recorded for a 3 m2 and 0.50 m2 from each plot, respectively. Weed control efficiency (WCE) representing the degree of reduction in the density or dry biomass of weeds due to herbicide treatment was determined using Equation 1. A and B are the density or dry biomass of weeds in the unsprayed and sprayed subplots, respectively (Somani, 1992). The changes in each trait of yield wheat (Yi), as mentioned above, were determined using Equation 2  Ys and Yu are the amount of each trait in the sprayed and unsprayed subplots (weedy check treatment), respectively. After checking data normality, the data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS 9.2 software. To compare the means, the Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was used at the 5% level of significance. Results and Discussion Weeds infestations included Lolium rigidum L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam and Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B. The highest and lowest density were observed for L. rigidum (56%) and C. oxyacanthus (5.1%), respectively. While, the highest and lowest weight were observed for L. rigidum (74%) and C. oxyacanthus (4%), respectively. The statistical analysis of the data on the weed density and biomass were revealed that applied herbicides significantly decreased both weed density and biomass. Additionally, the herbicide treatments led to a significant increase in the number of spikes per m², grains per spike, 1000 grains weight, grain yield, and biological yield. The Bromicide MA® had the best treatment for controlling the broad-leaved weed by 80 – 85%, On the other hand, Sencor had the best control for ryegrass (L. rigidum) by 80%. The application of FenoMetri at 1.2 L ha–1 with Surfactant® decreased the biomass of C. arvensis, C. oxyacanthus, M. officinalis, L. rigidum and total weed by 71, 63, 52, 48 and 73% respectively. It also increased grain and biological yields up to 20% and 22% as compared to the weedy check treatment. Additionally, the herbicides of Sencor® and Othello® showed the highest- grain yield after hand weeding, respectively. Conclusion The application of FenoMetri at 1.2 L ha–1 with surfactant effectively controlled the density of weed species by 45–71% and the dry biomass of weed species by 48–72%. It also increased grain and biological yields by up to 20% and 22%, respectively, compared to the weedy check treatment. However, the efficacy of FenoMetri herbicide in controlling weeds was lower compared to commonly used herbicides such as Othello®, Bromicide MA® + Topik®, and Bromicide MA® + Puma super®. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the FenoMetri herbicide with higher application rates.

Background and objectives: Weeds are one of the most significant biological limiting factors crop production worldwide. In Iran, weed damage in wheat fields has been reported to range from 25% to 30%. Herbicide application is the primary method for weed control in cereals. However, the decline in crop rotation and indiscriminate use of herbicide have led to the spread of difficult -to-control species, such as Lolium rigidum L. in agricultural fields. Also, the application of pre-mixed herbicides is one of the most common methods to enhance the efficiency of herbicides and to broaden weed control spectrum. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the pre-mixed herbicide fenoxaprop-p-ethyl+ metribuzin (FenoMetri) for controlling weeds in wheat of different regions.Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and four replications in four regions of Karaj, Shahrekord, Kermanshah and Darab during 2021-2022 growing season. The experimental treatments included the application of bromoxynil+ MCPA (Bromicid MA@, EC 40%)+ clodinafop-propargyl (Topik@, EC 80%) at a rate of 1.5+1 L ha-1, tribenuron-methyl (Granestar®, DF 75%)+ topik® at a rate of 20 g + 1 L ha–1, bromoxynil+ MCPA (bromicide MA®) + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl+ mefenpyr -diethyl (Puma-super®, EW 7.5 %) at a rate of 1.5 + 1 L ha–1, iodosulfuron methyl sodium + mesosulfuron methyl+ mefenpyr diethyl (Atlantis®, OD 12%) at a rate of 1.5 L ha–1, diflufenican + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium+ mesosulfuron-methyl +mefenpyr-diethyl (Othello®, OD 6%) at a rate of 1.6 L ha–1, metribuzin (Sencor®, WP 70%) at a rate of 800 g ha–1, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + metribuzin (FenoMetri, 21.37% EC) at dose rates of 0.8, 1 and 1.2 L ha–1 and control (weed free). Results: The results revealed a diverse spectrum of weeds (12 species) across the experimental locations. Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana ( was dominant in three tested locations Karaj, Kermanshah and Shahrekord. Convolvulus arvensis was in two locations Darab and Kermanshah, while Descurainia sophia was found in two locations Karaj and Shahrekord, Lolium rigidum was present in Darab and Karaj. Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb. and Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. were present dominantly in Darab. were applied significantly reduced weed density and dry weight, as well as a significant increase in grain yield. Moreover, weed control efficiency improved with an increase in the application rate of FenoMetri herbicide. FenoMetri herbicide at a rate of 1.2 L ha-1 decreased the weed density of F. officinalis and S. oleraceus by 92%, and A. ludoviciana, C. oxyacantha and M. officinalis by 45- 55%. Reductions of 35-45% were observed for C. arvensis, D. sophia, L. rigidum, and L. amplexicaule, while C. depressa, G. aparine, and S. cereale showed reductions of less than 20%. Additionally, grain yield increased by 5 to 10 % in different regions. The most effective treatment for controlling L. rigidum (75 to 80%) was achieved with the application of the herbicide Sencor®. Overall, species S. cereale, L. rigidum, C. depressa, and C. arvensis were more difficult to control compared to other species, respectively. Othello® herbicide exhibited better efficacy than other herbicides in all four regions, and increased grain yield by 14 to 19%.Conclusion: Based on the experiment results, the herbicide efficacy of the pre-mix FenoMetri in controlling weed species was significantly lower than compared to commonly used herbicides, except for F. officinalis and S. oleraceus. Therefore, the FenoMetri herbicide is not recommended at the dosage rates used due to its limited spectrum of weed control and the lack of optimal efficiency in controlling most of the tested species.

Introduction: Onion (Allium cepa L. ) is one of the most important vegetables (with 2. 305 million tons production) in Iran. Onion cultivation area of southern Kerman is 5732 hectares and this region is ranked first for onion production (307 thousand tons of production) in Iran. Onion growth and yield are significantly reduced by weed competition. Among the dominant weeds in onion fields at southern Kerman, Cyperus rotundus is one of the most important and problematic weeds. The slow growth of onion in the early stage, causes a significant yield loss due to the competition. C. rotundus is a perennial weed of the Cyperaceae family spreading quickly throughout the extensive underground system and tuber, with high ability to compete. This weed can decrease the average onions yield by 23 – 84%. Application of herbicides is the most prevalent weed control method in onion fields. Oxyfluorfen, and haloxyfop-r-methyl ester, are the commonly used herbicides for C. rotundus control in onion fields at southern Kerman. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different herbicides on this weed. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in Agricultural and Natural Resources research and Education Center, Jiroft, southern Kerman, during 2017-2018 and 2018-19. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment treatments included: T1-Metribuzin (Sencor) 80% WP 500 gr. ha-1, T2-Oxyfluorfen(goal) EC24%, 2 lit. ha-1, T3-Oxadiazon (ronstar) EC 12% 3 lit. ha-1 + Oxyfluorfen(goal) EC24%, 2 lit. ha-1, T4-Pendimethalin (stomp) EC33%, 3 lit. ha-1, T5 Oxadiazon (ronstar) EC 12% 3 lit. ha-1, T6-Oxadiazon (ronstar) EC 12% 3 lit. ha-1 + Bentazon (bazageran) SL48% 3 lit. ha-1, T7-Oxyfluorfen(goal) EC24% at 1/5 lit. ha-1 two stages by 0. 75 lit. ha-1, (one week after transplanting and three weeks afterwards), T8-Pendimethalin (prowl) CS 45. 5% 3 lit. ha-1, T9-hand weeding and T10-control (no control). Other weeds except C. rotundus were hand-removed during the season. The herbicides were applied using a Matabi sprayer with delivering 354 L ha-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. C. rotundus shoot and underground organs dry weight, density, average of bulb weight and onion yield were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out using SAS ver. 9. 1 software and the comparison of means was undertaken based on the LSD test. Results and Discussion: The combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of treatment was significant on shoot and underground organs dry weight and density of C. rotundus, mean onion weight of bulb and yield, and reduced dry weight and density of C. rotundus and increased the onion yield. Among the chemical treatments, the combined application of Oxadiazon (Ronstar) as pre emergence followed by application of Bentazon (Bazageran) as post emergence (Treatment 6), decreased the density, underground and shoot dry weight of C. rotundus by 96. 89 and 93% relative to the control, respectively. The highest onion yield was obtained from the mentioned treatment and increased the onion yield by 87% with respect to the control. Indeed, the combined application of these two herbicides in different growth stages of weeds and onion, was able to resolve the limitations of separate application of these herbicides leading to the most effective control of C. rotundus. Conclusion: The results of this experiment show that the combination of herbicides can be an effective strategy to increase their effectiveness. The combined application of Oxadiazon (Ronstar) EC 12% at 3 lit. ha-1 as pre emergence + Bentazon (Bazageran) SL48% at 3 lit. ha-1 as post emergence was the most effective treatment after hand-weeding on purple nutsedge management and increasing the onion yield. Therefore, the mentioned treatment is recommended to control of C. rotundus in transplanting cultivation of onion in autumn farming in south of Kerman Provence.