Background: Staphylococcus aureus is the most important cause of nosocomial infections acquired in the community. Protein A is a major component of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall. In analysis of the nucleotide sequence Protein A encoding SPA, locus x consists of 24 base pairs which repeat with high polymorphism. In this study, the SPA gene of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens were obtained from patients admitted to the hospital and healthy carriers.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a total of 200 samples were collected. One hundred fifty samples were obtained from hospitalized patients and 50 samples obtained from staff nasal swabs in Hamadan University Hospitals from October 2013 to August 2014. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility tests performed. The antibiotics studied were Vancomycin (30 mg), Cefoxitin (15 mg) Gentamicin (10 mg), Tetracycline (30 mg), Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 mg), Ciprofloxacin (5 mg), Erythromycin (15 mg), Clindamycin (2 mg), Rifampin (5 mg). The tests performed according to the guidelines of clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). It also detect the mecA gene of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) and genes SPA which encodes the protein A by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with enzyme Rsa I (Afa I) were prepared.Results: This methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (MRSA) had the highest sensitivity and resistance to ciprofloxacin and clindamycin. Totally, 8 amplicon with different sizes for the SPA gene were identified. A total of 9 patterns polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were found. Some of these patterns between Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens and nasal carriers were common.Conclusion: There is a similar pattern of SPA gene among patients admitted to the hospital and staff, according to our findings. Analysis of the patterns can reduced transmission of infection in both hospital staff and patients. Also it can help the physicians for correct management of infections.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequent types of infections in community and hospital settings. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and also to determine SPA and SCCmec types of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with UTI. Methods: During a 12-month period, 863 urine samples were investigated. In vitro susceptibility of isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Moreover, conventional PCR was performed to detect mecA, nucA, SPA, and toxin (pvl, tst) genes as well as Multiplex PCR to determine SCCmec types. Results: A total of 90 isolates (10. 4%) were analyzed in the present survey. Methicillin resistance was observed in 61. 1% of the isolates. In total, 25 isolates (27. 8%) were positive for the pvl-encoding gene and 40 (44. 4%) for tst-1 encoding gene. Based on a multiplex PCR assay, the 4 different SCCmec typeswere detected as type III (38. 9%), followed by type II (31. 1%), type IV (28. 9%), and type I (1. 1%). Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) positive isolates belonged to SCCmec type IV (14. 4%) and II (13. 3%). The 90 S. aureus isolates were classified to 10 SPA types t037 (23. 3%), t924 (15. 6%), t383 (15. 6%), t426 (12. 2%), t044 (12. 2%), t790 (6. 7%), t084 (4. 4%), t021 (4. 4%), t7580 (4. 4%), and t064 (1. 2%). The SPA types t044, t790, and t084 were obtained from methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains and SPA types t924 and t7580 from methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains. Conclusions: To the best of the author’ s knowledge, this is the first study on SPA types t426 and t021 in Iran. Since the majority of strains isolated from patients with UTI were MRSA, detection of MRSA clones and their characteristics is necessary.

Background and purpose: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causes of hospital and community acquired infections. Nasal carriage of S. aureus in staff provides a source for infection in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the SPA gene patterns of clinical and nasal carriage isolates of S. aureus using polymerase chain reaction.Materials and methods: Clinical specimens and staff nasal swab were collected from Tehran university hospitals. S. aureus isolates were identified by cultural and biochemical methods. The evaluation of SPA gene patterns of S. aureus isolates was carried out from staff nasal carriage and clinical specimens of patients using polymerase chain reaction.Results: A total of nine patterns of SPA gene were distinguished. Seven and five different patterns were identified from S. aureus nasal carriage and clinical specimens, respectively.Conclusion: The presence of similar patterns from SPA gene may indicate a common source of infection in the hospital wards. Analysis of the patterns may help to break the chain of transmission of infection in hospitals.

The appropriate and optimum operation of reservoir system of dams ranks among the most important issues considered by experts of water industry all over the word. In most reservoir system of the world, control curves are known as the main pattern of water operation. The curves indicate the optimum volumes of supplied water or yielding system versus various conditions of reservoirs during different month of the year. There are various methods of determining the operation pattern of water reservoirs which are classified into three methods: simulation, optimization and probability matrix. In traditional methods, reservoir systems are designed based merely on the historical data of river currents and not using of function indices of reservoir. These methods are based on the assumption that in future there will not happen draught more severe than the recoded critical periods, an assumption the truth of which is far from being definite. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate a method to determine the control curves of reservoir dams based on their functional indices (such as time reliability, vulnerability and resiliency). To achieve this goal, we provided at first, using methods of temporal series AR(1), Valencia Schaake one thousand series of data of currents of the rivers entering the reservoir dam of Mahabad and Shahar chai in west Azarbaijan. We continued with using the improved SPA methods and Gold probability matrix, conducting the necessary analysis and providing ultimately appropriate control curves to obtain various combinations of the quantity of demand and functional indices. The obtained results display a good accordance between the results obtained by SPA and probability matrix methods. There occurred the maximum difference between the methods in minimum sustainability and the minimum difference in maximum sustainability. In the site of Mahabad the maximum difference is 13.5 MCM and the minimum difference 0.37 MCM. In the site of Shahar chai the maximum difference is 9.88 MCM and the minimum difference 0.098 MCM.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) typing is a typing method based on the DNA sequence analysis of staphylococcal protein A gene. The purpose of this study was to do molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in Toohid and Besat hospitals, Sanandaj, Iran, in 2014. METHODS: Clinical specimens were collected from hospitalized patients over a period of 1 year. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified using culture and biochemical standard methods based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. SPA gene patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified using SPA-typing techniques. RESULTS: In total, 20 different patterns of SPA gene were obtained in staphylococcus aureus isolates in this study, which included type t030 (6 cases), types t230, t459, and t701 (3 cases of each one), types t11332 and t304 (2 cases of each one), and types t325, t012, t1149, t1810, t197, t325, t7789, t808, t871, t937, t14896, t14913, t14928, and t14929 (1 case of each one). The highest prevalence belonged to types t030 (30. 0%), and then, types t230, t459, and t701 (15. 0% for each one). New types of t14896, t14913, t14928, and t14929 were identified during this study. CONCLUSION: There were some well-known patterns of SPA types, and also we identified new types that should be studied more to qualify. Analysis of these patterns can improve insight to design nosocomial infection control programs.