Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder associated with significant impairments in occupational, academic, neuropsychological, and social functioning. Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are recommended as first-line medication therapy for children. CNS stimulants include formulations of methylphenidate and amphetamine derivatives and are available in a large variety of immediate- and extended-release preparations. Extended-release preparations are often preferred to limit drug administration during school or work and may help to limit side effects associated with rapid fluctuations in serum concentration. Stimulant medication is by far the most commonly used treatment in managing children with ADHD, 10-20% of those who take such medication do now show clinically significant improvements in their primary ADHD symptom. Even when a favorable response is obtained, some children experience side effects that are of sufficient occurrence and severity to prevent continued use of stimulant medication. In such instances or when families are unwilling to consider a stimulant, non-stimulant medications may be appealing. This review focuses on etiology, assessment and treatment of ADHD with various stimulant and non-stimulant agents.

Ethical systems use different stimulants, some worldly and others unworldly, to motivate people for an ethical manner of life. With regard to the powerful effect of worldly ones, many of ethical schools, particularly social and professional ones, use them. Though there is the fear that the usage of such stimulants leads to worldliness of ethics. As is understood by examining worldly stimulants on the basis of Quran and traditions, Islamic teachings agree with such stimulants.

Background: drug use disorder is one of the main health challenges in Iran, which threatens the quality of life and causes many social issues. Accurate and up-to-date information forms a basis for planning and controlled interventions. Given that accurate estimation of drug use is a long lasting challenge in Iran, this study was conducted to obtain accurate data regarding drug use prevalence and patterns in the population of Lorestan province. Materials and Methods: the study was a cross sectional household survey with a sample of 3960 individuals, aged 15 to 64, in Lorestan province in the year 2016. The data collection tool was a checklist, which elicited demographic information and information related to the use of different drugs in the past week, the past month, the past year, and lifelong. Descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation, frequency and percentage were used to analyze the data. Results: in total, 3878 individuals participated in the study. The lifelong prevalence of smoking was 13. 3%, hookah was 12. 68%, alcohol was 4. 14% and drug use was 7. 3% of the general population in Lorestan Province. The past-week prevalence of smoking was 10. 7%, hookah was 7. 58%, alcohol was 0. 91% and drug use was 3. 45%. Conclusion: this study showed that in Lorestan Province, the lifelong prevalence of smoking, hookah, alcoholic drink and drug use were lower than the average in the country. The prevalence of past-week hookah use was higher than the average in the country and the prevalence of past-week drug use, smoking and consumption of alcohol in Lorestan were lower than the average in the country.

The competitive position of the destination brand is the provision of a framework by the destinations through which they can show their distinction from other destinations. Various aspects of tourism brands have been addressed in various studies, but the issue of competitive positioning of tourism brands has not been addressed. Competitive positioning of a brand not only creates a positive image in the audience's minds towards competitors but also turns relative advantages into competitive advantages, leading to development in various dimensions and identification. The purpose of this study was to present a model of the influential factors and consequences of the competitive position of the tourism brand in Gilā n province. It was a mixed-methods study in which the systematic model of data-based theory has been used in its qualitative part. In terms of the data collection method, it is field research. The research population included professors of management and geography and managers of tourism in Gilā n province. In the qualitative part, theoretical sampling was used as one of the types of purposeful sampling, and the number of samples due to theoretical saturation was 11 individuals. The results of semistructured interviews to develop a model of the competitive position of the tourism brand of Gilā n province by coding method showed that 321 open codes were identified and classified in 26 concepts based on Strauss and Corbin's (1998) approach in seven main categories, including competitive sources, the competitive position of Gilā n brand, contextual factors, destination management, and positioning and destination branding operations, intervening factors and consequences. Also, to measure the model designed in the quantitative part, the opinions of 169 managers, master experts, and experts in the field of tourism in Gilā n province were used. The results of this section also showed a good fit of the designed model with the obtained data. Other results showed that the key factor in positioning the destination brand in customers' minds is the operations related to positioning, branding, and advertising of that destination, and all other factors will be more noticeable with the correct implementation of this factor.

Today, banks are on the path of digital transformation to create a good experience for customers. In the meantime, Fintech companies have good knowledge of creating technological financial services, and banks need this distinctive fintech competency to succeed in digital banking. Based on this, banks form a strategic alliance with Fintech. One of the issues that play an important role in the formation and success of the strategic alliance between the bank and Fintech is the motivation of both parties to form the alliance. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the stimulants of banks in forming a strategic alliance with Fintech. The method used in this study is team analysis and the statistical population of this study includes 11 experts of the Refahe-Kargaran Bank who have been purposefully selected and interviewed semi-structured. In this study, the stimulants of banks in forming a strategic alliance with Fintech were identified in the form of 5 main themes and 9 sub-themes. These five themes are outsourcing technology services, leading digital innovation, organizational process agility, gaining competitive advantage and customers. Based on the research findings, banks have different incentives to form a strategic alliance with Fintechs, and examining and paying attention to these incentives has a great impact on the success and effectiveness of alliances.

Stresses reduce plant yield and production. Growth stimulants can help increase plant yield and resistance to abiotic stresses. For this purpose, the effect of several types of plant growth stimulants on yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ) was studied. The experimental design was splitfactorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replicates. The study was conducted during 2019-21 in Arak Agricultural Research Station. The main variable was planting date (September and October) and the subplots were growth stimulant treatments including amino acid, fulvic acid, seaweed extract, humic acid, their composition, and the control treatment. The results showed that the effect of growth stimulants was significant on grain yield, phosphorus concentration, number of seeds per pod, leaf area, and potassium concentration. Experimental findings showed that the use of growth stimulants in the form of seed coating and foliar spraying at the six-leaf stage and the end of the rosette can be recommended in conditions similar to this study. Soil application of humic acid was effective in germination and six-leaf stages. September planting date was more appropriate than October. Application of growth stimulants on seed yield had a positive and similar effect in September planting, but was more effective in October planting when the plants were exposed to cold stress.