In their paper, Tama and colleagues observe that one key challenge in a pilot, multi-component intervention to strengthen health facility regulation was the reaction from health facility owners and providers to regulatory processes. In this commentary, we propose that future research and action on health facility regulation in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs) contexts adopt an explicit focus on addressing the role of interests and interest groups in health systems ‘hardware’ and ‘software.’ Research on policy processes in LMICs consist of fewer investigations into the political economy of national or sub-national interest groups, such as physician associations or associations of health facility owners. A growing body of literature explores supply-side and demand-side interest groups, power relations within and between these stakeholders, and their advocacy approaches within LMIC health sector policy processes. We posit that such analyses will also help identify facilitators and challenges to implementation and scaleup of similar reforms to health facility regulation.

Introduction: Biodiesel is Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) which is used as a renewable fuel in diesel engines. Extraction of lipid from various flora sources, including Sunflower, Palm, Canola or animal oils, with a Trans-Esterification reaction between alcohol and Triglyceride (TG), leads to production of Biodiesel and Glycerin. The production cost of biodiesel is so important that is now considered as the greatest obstacle during scaleup process. In this research, a model-type of biodiesel production unit (using vegetable oil source), was designed by Aspen HYSYS V7. 2 software, then a great deal of the attempt was employed to optimize the overall yield against the processing parameters including: mass and energy consumption load, as well as some technical discussion regarding associated apparatuses. Materials and Methods: Process Design: The simulation was carried out using Aspen HYSYS V7. 2 employing Triolein (as TG), Oleic acid (as Free Fatty Acid (FFA)), and Oleat as biodiesel. Avoiding side-stream reactions as well as trans-esterification, the FFA content was taken to a mere 0. 05% (%mass). Feed stream was considered as product of NaOH-catalyzed bireactor system operating at 60˚ C and 1 atm with the overall conversion of 70% using two series reactors. The ratio of TG to Alcohol is 1: 3, however, owing to establish an appropriate reactor performance; this ratio was applied as 1: 6 practically. The design was mainly intended to produce 480 m3d-1 biodiesel with mass concentration of 99. 65%. Methanol was used in this investigation due to low cost, accessibility and handling considerations. NRTL was taken as the Equation of State (EOS) for the process and should be used PRSV equation in the decanter...