Background and Aim: When bonding between two different dental materials is impossible due to structural dissimilarity, a third material can be used at the interface to achieve the desired bond. Silanes have been developed for this purpose and can improve bonding strength in dental restorations by preventing debonding at the interface region. The present study reviewed the relevant publications in order to determine the effect of silane on the bond strength of ceramic to resin restorations. Materials and Methods: Multiple internet search engines including Google, AltaVista, and the archives of related Journals were used in order to access information on the properties of silane.Conclusion: Application of silane increases the bonding strength between composite and resin by approximately 25%, regardless of different fabrication and testing methods. Etching with phosphoric acid and treatment with silane emerged as the two most significant factors in the improvement of the bonding strength of cements. However, using an appropriate coupling agent even without etching has also been shown to produce an acceptable bonding strength. Hydrolyzed silanes do not produce methanol and therefore cannot completely vaporize the water generated during chemical reactions. On the other hand, non-hydrolyzed silanes vaporize surface water by producing 3 methanol molecules and thus do not interfere with bonding of adhesive systems. Therefore the bonding strength of non-hydrolized silanes is greater than hydrolyzed silanes. In conclusion, the type of silane (hydrolyzed, non-hydrolyzed), the adhesive used and the technique of its application are considered to be three of the most important factors affecting bond strength.

The fluorine atom's reaction with silane molecule (SiH4) is investigated in this work. Two reaction channels which form SiH3+HF and SiH3F+H are discussed in the microscopic level. The analyses of transition states show that the SiH3+HF channel proceeds through a direct hydrogen abstract mechanism and the SiH3F+H channel could take place via the substitution mechanism. The energetic information of the potential energy surface has been obtained using high-level ab initio molecular orbital theory. A dual-level direct dynamics method is employed to calculate the rate constants of the title reaction. The rate constants of the hydrogen abstraction channel are much larger than the substitution channel. The calculated rate constants are in best agreement with available experimental result.

In this study, paper and nanopaper were first produced and then treated with dodecyltriethoxysilane to prepare water repellent paper and nanopaper. As the result of silane treatment, the hydrophilic surface of paper and nanopaper changed to hydrophobic ones. The FESEM micrographs confirmed the nano-scale size of cellulose nanofibers. XPS results showed the presence of silane on the surface of specimens. With the treatment of silane, the water droplet contact angle increased to 104 and 153 degrees in nanopaper and paper, respectively. Therefore, the surface of treated paper can be regarded as super hydrophobic surface. TGA confirmed that the ash content of treated specimens was higher than those of untreated ones and also it was revealed that the silane treatment generated multi-layers coating on the surface of specimens. The treated specimens showed less water absorption and higher mechanical properties than untreated ones. The silane treatment made produced hydrophobic surfaces on cellulose paper and nanopaper which can led to the development of their applications for humid conditions.

Cross-linking of polyethylene is a subject of interest, having been emerged as a result of the need to meet application requirements which were not satisfied by the neat polyethylene itself. Although this review is aimed at silane method of cross-linking, the other cross-linking methods, namely: radiation, peroxide and azo methods have been presented briefly for a better understanding of the merits of perspectives of the more recent methods, especially the two-step silane method. Freeradical grafting of unsaturated hydrolysable alkoxy-silanes onto polyethylene chains by a peroxide initiator followed by moisture cross-linking is the most versatile crosslinking method and may be successfully used for other thermoplastics as well. Different techniques of silane cross-linking, i.e., the "one step" Monosil process and the "two-step" Sioplas process have been discussed with more emphases on Sioplas process, as it is less expensive and readily achievable. The grafting step which is performed by reactive processing is the major and key process in Sioplas technique. The state-of-the-art of a two-step silane grafting and cross-linking has been presented. In this regard, the effects of various parameters, such as the type and quantity of silane, peroxide, stabilizing agent, catalyst, micro and macromolecular structures and physical form of polyethylene, additives, and reaction temperature and time have been described in relation to efficiency of grafting and cross-linking. These data were evaluated in turn by torque, MFI, FTIR, and gel content studies.