The backbone of militarism of the post- Islamic governments in Iran from Samanid to Kharazmshah dynasties had always relied on slave military men and particularly Turk slaves. These elements played a dual role; they asserted themselves as a powerful military arm for these dynasties on the one hand, and were influential in the weakening and toppling their respective governments on the other, and sometimes even took over the power themselves. Upon the attack of Mongols and eventual establishment of Mongol llkhans (tribal chiefs) in Iran (656-736) the role and function of slave military men in the military and political structure of Iran suddenly came to an end. The study of different factors which led to the decline of the power of slave corps during the IIkhanid dynasty is the pivot and basis of this essay.

Slave and slavery have been one of the most important social phenomena in Iranian history. Iran Qajar era was a slave society, along with a large number of non-Iranian slaves, some of the men and women and children were mostly rural and tribal Iranians who were taken different ways. The present research seeks to answer the question of why many Iranians were slave in Qajar period? The results of the research show that political instability, the weakness of social security and the economic problems (caused by internal and external causes) were the most important causes of the fall of Iranians into slavery. This research is descriptive-analytic, using historical and archival sources, by the library method and the social history approach.

From the mid seventh century and throughout eighteen century, Britain had the most bulk of slave trade. In 1807, the house of common and Lords ratified the abolition of slave trade following an anti-slavery trade movement which had begun from the last decades of eighteenth century. In response to this question of why the slave trade ended, the slavery scholars have different views. This study concentrates on the role of Quakers who were anti- war and anti- slavery. Quakers became the intellectual leaders of anti-slavery movement while Britain was at war with Franc enjoying a vast social relationship and the social and international conditions. The aim of this study is to answer the question of why and how Quakers, and not the thinkers of the enlightenment era were the forerunners of anti slavery movement. It seems that activists, social interactions and socio-political condition played are the major role players. The anti- slavery movement and its expansion were the results of these basic factors in Britain.

In this paper the phase of two Duffing-Vanderpol oscillators with different initial conditions are synchronized using an alternative force added to the slave system. The master and slave systems are solved using Adomian’s decomposition methodphas and the solutions and their phase differences are plotted to show the effectiveness of the method.

Jacques Lacan, influenced by Freidrich Hegel, registered dialectic of Master and Slave into psychoanalytic discourses. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, commonly known, is considered the science that examines the impact of unconscious actions, searching for signs of disease. Over time, psychoanalysis has been concerned with various sciences such as philosophy. One subject of dialectic of master and slave is linked with the analyst raised earlier by Hegel. The current paper aims to examine this theory through analysis of the relationships between four pair characters presented in Asghar Farhadi's film, About Elly (2009), using a qualitative research method. The data were collected by the film's observation and library sources, then its content was analyzed based on interpretive phenomenological analysis with a psychoanalytical approach mainly inspired by Freudian school. The first mode of such master-slavery contradictory is formed by Sepideh-Amir relationship, in which both of them are in struggle for power. The second mode is formed by Nazi-Manouchehr relationship, in which Nazi (female) is Master and Manouchehr (male) is in Slave status. The third mode is formed by Shohreh-Peyman relationship, in which the female figure confirms power of the other, as she is a slave, but at the same time she pretends to be the master herself. Finally, the last mode is formed by Elly-Ahmad relationship, in which both sides have tendency to be slave. The findings show that the master-slave dialectic, present in Iranian patriarchic society, is represented in defensive psychological processes of characters in Farhadi's film.

Jewish traders in Iran in the early Islamic centuries were very famous for the slave trade than anything else. The geographers of the first centuries have mentioned a group of Jews called the Radhanites who traveled to different places and took trade goods, including slaves, to different places. They transported slaves from Europe to Byzantium and to the Islamic world and caused the growth and development of this trade. It seems that various wars in Europe and Asia had an impact on the subject of the slave trade, and Jewish traders contributed greatly to the expansion of the slave trade. In any case, despite the prosperity and expansion of the slave trade in the discussed period, this issue has not been much reflected in the historical sources of this period, and even in new studies, it has been less discussed and concentrated on. Therefore, the present study tries to investigate the role of Jewish merchants in the slave trade in Iran from the early Islamic centuries to the end of the 4th century Hijri based on the limited resources available from this period and using a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, efforts will be made to collect historical data from library sources and categorize and finally analyze them using the method of historical studies.

Abstract - - Abstract - - Abstract - This paper proposes a master-slave approach to simultaneously control two drones with the aim of carrying an object toward a goal. The proposed method utilizes the Double Deep Q-Learning (DDQN) technique to train a master agent to be able to carry an object toward a goal with the help of a slave agent. This procedure is implemented such that the master agent gathers the observations and specifies the actions to be made by itself and the slave agent. Indeed, the slave agent just applies a predefined action and does not process any input for producing the output. This manner of learning, leads to a unified convergence to an optimal solution compared to the situation in which each agent is trained separately. To verify the functionality of the proposed method, the algorithm is examined in the webots simulation environment. The simulations show that the introduced method has a good performance when controlling the drones to reach to the goal. The introduced method, other than algorithmic benefits which leads to a faster convergence of the model, suggests some reduction in the processing demand. The reason is that the learning procedure is guided by one of the agents and consequently only one of the agents is responsible for doing the calculations that lead to choosing the action. In this scenario, the slave agent does not require any processing resources for choosing the action and just simply applies a predefined action dictated by the master agent.

Abstract - - Abstract - - Abstract - This paper proposes a master-slave approach to simultaneously control two drones with the aim of carrying an object toward a goal. The proposed method utilizes the Double Deep Q-Learning (DDQN) technique to train a master agent to be able to carry an object toward a goal with the help of a slave agent. This procedure is implemented such that the master agent gathers the observations and specifies the actions to be made by itself and the slave agent. Indeed, the slave agent just applies a predefined action and does not process any input for producing the output. This manner of learning, leads to a unified convergence to an optimal solution compared to the situation in which each agent is trained separately. To verify the functionality of the proposed method, the algorithm is examined in the webots simulation environment. The simulations show that the introduced method has a good performance when controlling the drones to reach to the goal. The introduced method, other than algorithmic benefits which leads to a faster convergence of the model, suggests some reduction in the processing demand. The reason is that the learning procedure is guided by one of the agents and consequently only one of the agents is responsible for doing the calculations that lead to choosing the action. In this scenario, the slave agent does not require any processing resources for choosing the action and just simply applies a predefined action dictated by the master agent.

Slave and slavery have been the main concerns of human rights in every culture and civilization. The names of the slaves in the oldest epics and mythology of the world is a testament to its long background. By referring to the histories and books related to the pre-Islamic era, the image of social economic, political and legal position, we have tried, in this article, to analyze verses from the Shahnameh. Slavery includes the presence of the children, women and men who had been denied of their freedom and served the well-to-do men. The further we go forward in the Shahnameh, the more we encounter with the slaves who lived in fairly good condition in the courts but there is little information about their status in the society.