Purpose: Electromyography of the muscle may provide information about the Amount of calf muscle activation in patients with shin Splints. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of calf muscle Electromyography in male athletes with and without shin Splints. Methods: Thirty physical education students were recruited for this study. The Electromyography of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (internal and external) muscles was measured by Biovision Electromyography in dorsiflexion and plantar flexion position, respectively. Statistical analysis was done by independent t-test at a significant level of p≤ 0. 05. Results: No significant difference was found between two groups in the electromyography of tibialis anterior (p=0. 054), medial gastrocnemius (p=0. 07) and lateral gastrocnemius (p=0. 11). However, significant difference was observed in electrical activity ratio of tibialis anterior to gastrocnemius between groups (p=0. 01). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that imbalance between tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles may be the cause of shin Splints. Therefore, it is possible that the patients can train without pain by rebalancing between these muscles.

Hallux valgus or the lateral deviation of the great toe is a complex disease. If it is not treated, it will cause the deviation of other toes. Hallux valgus is three times more common in females and may cause uncomfortable deformity of the foot, problems in putting on unsuitable and narrow toe box shoes, and pain on the medial side of the first metatarsophalangeal joint; therefore, patients seek medical services. Untreated hallux valgus may cause the hammer toe deformity of the second toe. In this cohort study, 30 patients referring to the Orthopedic Clinic of Shohada Ashayer Hospital of Khorramabad, Iran, with a complaint of hallux valgus were randomly divided into two groups.The Splints designed by the researches (slippers Splints) were given to the case group, and the Splints on the market including night Splints and interdigital pads were given to the control group. The patients were followed every three months for a year and every time the weight bearing anteroposterior radiography of both feet were taken and hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles were measured. The data was analyzed by the SPSS software using repeated measure tests.In the case group that used the designed Splints regularly, hallux valgus angles decreased more dramatically than in the control group (P<0.001). This study showed that, despite controversies over the nonoperative treatment of hallux valgus, if hallux valgus angle in patient is mild to moderate, the splint can be used as a nonoperative treatment.

Background and Aims: Temporomandibular disorders refer to a set of musculoskeletal problems that affect the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, and surrounding anatomical structures. These disorders are associated with symptoms such as pain, click, asymmetry, or reduced maximum opening. The etiology of many temporomandibular disorders is complex, for this reason the initial treatments must be reversible and non-invasive. The use of occlusal Splints is effective in reducing symptoms, and therefore, it is recommended in early and even long-term treatment of these disorders. These appliances play major role in developing conditions such as stabilizing joint position, creating favorable occlusal conditions that lead to normal muscle function, and protecting teeth and supporting structures against dental wear. The purpose of this article was to present a comprehensive review of occlusal Splints in Persian language. Materials and Methods: A search on Pubmed and Google scholar databases was done and the keywords "occlusal Splints" and "temporomandibular disorders" were used. The inclusion criterion was articles published in English in the field of the types of occlusal splint between 1980 and 2020. Conclusion:  In this review, the occlusal Splints and their applications have been introduced.The success or failure of treatment with occlusal Splints depends on various factors such as the correct selection of patients, the process of manufacturing, occlusal adjustment of Splints, and the patients’ cooperation.

Background: Tennis elbow is a common orthopedic disease affecting elbow in middle aged people. Ninety percent of patients are cured using conservative treatments. In the past, emphasis was placed on the use of long arm Splints for its treatment; however, recent studies put doubt on the use of this method of treatment for the complications arising from the application of Splints. The results of using long arm Splints for the treatment of tennis elbow were evaluated in our study.Methods: This was a case series non randomized clinical trial involving 25 patients treated with long arm cast Splints, and 25 patients treated without the use of splint. Local corticosteroid injections and oral NSAIDs were administered for all patients. The two groups were compared in the third week, third month and sixth month of their treatment for the presence of local tenderness and pain in passive flexion test of wrist and fingers against resistance. Using SPSS9.0, data were analyzed via repeated measurement tastes of ANOVA.Results: Patients in case and control groups had manages 43.6±7.2 and 43.6±6 years, respectively. Prior to any treatments, all patients in this study suffered from pain and tenderness in the origin of foreman extensor muscles. Their pain exacerbated upon passive flexion of wrist and fingers against resistance. No significant difference was seen in third week, third month and sixth month (P value =0.32), and no significant difference was seen in the results of our tests regarding the presence of local tenderness and pain in passive flexion of wrist and fingers against resistance between the two groups Conclusions: After a follow-up period of six months, this study demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the two groups treated with and without long arm Splints.

Purpose: Shin Splints are a common injury in the world of sports, causing pain along the inner edge of the tibial and impacting an athlete’s performance and well-being. The study aims to examine how kinesio taping application affects pain, postural control, and plantar pressure parameters in athletes with shin Splints. Methods: A placebo-controlled trial design was used, with 32 athletes with shin Splints randomly assigned to either the kinesio taping group (KT=16) or the placebo group (PC=16). The KT group received kinesio tape with 75% tension applied to the affected shin, while the PC group received the same application without tension. Before and after the taping intervention, pain levels, postural control, and plantar pressure parameters were evaluated. Results: Results indicated that the KT group experienced a significant pain reduction and improved postural control and plantar pressure parameters compared to the PC group. Conclusion: These results suggest that kinesio tape can relieve pain in the short term and enhance postural control and plantar pressure distribution in athletes with shin Splints. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects and underlying mechanisms.

Background: It is unknown whether the use of cushioned footwear with custom insoles for 10-km runners with shin Splints if effective in attenuation of running impact. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cushioned (footwear with custom insoles) and non-cushioned (barefoot) running on impact in 10-km runners rehabilitated after unilateral shin splint. Methods: Twenty patients (mean age 30. 5 9. 3 years; mean body mass index 23. 4 2. 0 kg/m2) were assessed under two randomly assigned conditions for this cross-sectional study. To measure impact in 10-km runners, the time and frequency domains of impact were obtained through accelerometry, and the reconstructed time-domains, calculated during running, from footwear with custom insoles as compared to control conditions (barefoot) were compared for statistically significant differences. Insoles were customized based on pressure distribution and foot shape. Results: Mean impact was reduced (P < 0. 001) from 6. 9 g in the control condition to 6. 5 g in the cushioned condition. The spectrum frequency was lower (P< 0. 001) for the cushioned condition between 5. 8 and 40. 5 Hz. The reconstructed time-domain impact signal had an r = 0. 38  0. 21 and R2 = 14. 3% in relation to the impact signal. The impact and frequency spectrums were attenuated in the band of 5. 8 to 40. 5 Hz for cushioned condition. Conclusions: Running footwear with custom insole designs reduce impact during running, establishing an appropriate strategy to diminish tibial stress after shin splint in runners.

Background and Objectives: Among several methods which are accessible for manageing wrist spasticity after stroke, wrist splinting is commonly used as an adjacent treatment, but there are many controversies surrounding its efficacy. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the Dynamic and Static Splints on wrist spasticity after stroke.Material and Methods: In this interntional study, 31 stroke patients were selected and randomly divided into three groups including: Dynamic splint, Static splint and control group. Participants in the intervention groups wore their own Splints for three months, five days per week and on average, six hours per day. Wrist spasticity was measured by both Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and electromyography (EMG) tests at the baseline and after third month. Kroskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA were used to statistically analyze MAS and Hmax/Mmax ratio scores respectively.Results: Statistical analysis of data showed no significant reduction of spasticity during study period according to either MAS or EMG data in any of the groups (p>0/05).Conclusion: Based on these findings, use of the splint as a method for reducing wrist spasticity could not be beneficial in the selected patients.