Adoption of multiple climate change adaptation strategies is the most important solution to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change. Therefore, in the present study, economic and social characteristics that affect the intensity of adaptation strategies in the Bakhtegan-TASHK Basin, Iran, were examined using an ordered probit model. A total of 300 farmers were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. The results showed that household income level, access to the credit, availability of irrigation water, number of crops, and farmer membership in agricultural extension classes had significant positive effects on the intensity of adaptation to climate change. Therefore, it is suggested that the government facilitates the use of different climate change adaptive strategies by increasing financial incentives. Also, changing the cropping pattern by planting less water demanding crops that are appropriate for the region is recommended.

The literal meaning of "gradation", the reason for its denomination, and its technical meaning in logic and philosophy are the requirements for a discussion on this concept. This article deals, in its first part, with the issue of the beginning of such an idea in philosophy, and its relation to the field of logic. Since each one of the three major schools of Islamic philosophy had their share in the development and evolution of this term, the author then turns to a discussion of their unique impact on the progress and the maturity of this subject. Critically analyzing each theory, the author tries to come up with an acceptable idea, and brings forward his reasons to support his choice.

Due to decreasing precipitation in recent years, lack of perennial surface water resources, and the high volume of groundwater extraction in the vicinity of TASHK Lake (called Tavabe-e-Arsanjan), the groundwater level decreases, and as a result, salt water from TASHK Lake intrudes into the fresh groundwater coastal aquifers. Several technical countermeasures are used to prevent or retard the groundwater salinization process. One of them is to increase (artificial) recharge in upland areas to enlarge the outflow of fresh groundwater through the coastal aquifer, and thus, to reduce the length of the salt water wedge.In this research, the natural recharge of groundwater is studied using the Cumulative Rainfall Departure (CRD) method with regards to the existing information in the study area. This study focuses on using both revised CRD (R-CRD) and CRD methods to simulate, and consequently predict, transient water table fluctuations. A user-friendly program named GREM, which is written in Visual Basic language, is used to minimize the difference between simulated and observed water table elevations. The simulated water table exhibits good agreement with the observed water table (modeling efficiency = 0.933). The percentage of the cumulative rainfall departure (r), which results in a recharge from precipitation, is estimated to be 33.6. This implies that less than half of the precipitation acts to recharge the water table. The results showed that the natural recharge is not enough to compensate the high volume of groundwater extraction in the study area.The end objective of this study is to provide the foundation for the construction of a regional model of the Tavabe-e-Arsanjan groundwater basin to enable sustained agricultural production while mitigating the impact of salt water intrusion.

In the present era, Climate change and its impact on available water resources are one of the main challenges. In this regard, temporal and spatial analysis of temperature and precipitation, which are important parameters in determining the status of water resources, can be used to assess the hydro-climatological conditions of the watershed and appropriate management policies. In this research, the trend in precipitation and temperature distribution over 30 years testing period of 1981-2010 was investigated using non-parametric tests such as Man-Kendal, Spearman, Sen’, s Slope, and Pettit. Afterward, interpolation techniques, such as IDW, LPI, GPI, and RBF were used to detect spatially trends at the watershed. The results showed that precipitation decreased by 14. 3% during the period 1981-2010 and the temperature increased by 3. 5%, with changes in precipitation and temperature occurring in 2004 and 1985, respectively. However, the negative trend in precipitation was not significant in contrast to the positive temperature trend during the study period. A comparative analysis of interpolation techniques shows that Ordinary Kriging and Radial Basis Functions with least error are the best methods for spatial analysis of precipitation and temperature, respectively.

Introduction: Agricultural development upstream of TASHK and Bakhtegan lakes along with droughts of the 2000s, has led to a sharp decline in the water surface of the lakes. This study demonstrates the potential of social-hydrology modeling to describe coupled human-water systems with simple concepts and relationships. Methods: The focus of this study is on the development of a Sociohydrological conceptual model in order to simulate the interactions between community response and hydrology in the TASHKBakhtegan basin. For the social submodel, the variables of community sensitivity and behavioral response are used, and for the hydrological submodel, the developed water balance model for the arid and semi-arid basins is used. Due to the vastness of the basin and the various features in different regions, it has been hypothesized that changes in human preferences and community sensitivities for upstream and downstream residents of the basin may be different. The time range of this research is from 1996 to 2013. Findings: The selection of factors affecting the community sensitivity was an acceptable choice, because of considering the average error less than 10% in the simulation of cultivated areas. The results of hydrological submodel by considering two soil layers with the the calculated cultivated area as an input, showed the acceptable accuracy of the model in the ability to simulate streamflow in the TASHK-Bakhtegan basin. Conclusion: The results showed that in the basin upstream areas, which has more rainfall and water resources, the community's perception of the threat to their quality of life is low and the priority of its residents is tendency to use more water and land resources. But in the downstream areas, with environmental issues and scarcity of water resources, people with a high sense of threat to their quality of life have shifted their priority to less use of water and land resources.

Artemia, a small crustacean, with high commercial value is a valuable model organism for researchers. This creature by tolerating extreme range of different environmental conditions is dispersed to more than 600 and 18 sites over the world and Iran, respectively. TASHK Lake is one the natural parthenogenetic Artemia habitat in Iran. Due to occurrence of an unknown bisexual Artemia in TASHK Lake, the species of this un-endemic Artemia was researched. In this regard, four different molecular markers as Na/K ATP-ase, 12S-16S by PCR-RFLP technique and COI and HSP26 by sequencing and subsequent Genbank data were studied. The conducted analyses as long as emphasizing to ability of molecular techniques for identifying unknown species characterized the new population asA. franciscana. These analyses also revealed a molecular diversity between the sequenced genes with the data found in the Genbank.

Currently, adaptation to water resources changes is one of the priorities in integrated water resources management. The capability of learning from past experiences is one of the main characteristics of such an adaptive structure which is crucial in dealing with changes. Adopting a social learning framework, this study aims to assess the water institution (both formal and informal) in the TASHK-Bakhtegan Basin. The social learning loops, orientation and direction features were adopted to assess the formal institution. To assess the informal institution, the drought of 2008 was considered as the change that affected the water resources system of TASHK-Bakhtegan Basin. The responses of informal water institution to that change were then assessed. Formal institutions were assessed by using qualitative content analysis of water law and project's documents. Informal institutions were detected by using snowball sampling and were assessed by using semi-structured interview and qualitative content analysis. For formal institutions, the results showed that this structure relies on the national authorities and has low level of learning capacity. In the informal sector, the components of social learning process were generally found low in the upstream (because there is still enough water resources), but those components were found at much better levels in the downstream. The assessment of social learning outputs components showed that the downstream sub-regions were at a higher level of social learning capacity comparing with the upstream (double and triple loops of learning are active), and the responses were oriented towards better conservation of water resources. Furthermore, the width of those responses went beyond individual levels to collective and participating levels. Therefore, those sub-regions showed to have higher level of adaptation capacity. For the water institution of the TASHK-Bakhtegan Basin, this paper suggests that implied mechanisms of water laws need to be modified, national and centralized governance requires to be transformed to participatory and cooperative structures, private and public institutions need to be initiated, and finally the components of social learning process, that were found at a low level, require to be improved.

Recurring droughts at various intensity leads to decline in streamflow and wetland area. In this study, using Landsat satellite images, temporal changes in the area of the Bakhtegan and TASHK lake from 1986 to 2019 were investigated. Also, based on the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), the effect of precipitation falling on the lake area as well as the total inflow to the lake were studied. Then, by generating land-use maps, land-use changes in Bakhtegan and TASHK basin area were analyzed. In addition, a model for forecasting lake area (of next year) on the basis of lake area, total inflow, and annual precipitation falling on the lake basin area associated with the previous year was presented. The results showed that in the study period, the minimum lake area occurred in 2011 and was equal to 17. 038 square kilometers, which shows a decrease of 98% compared to the maximum area corresponding to the year 1993. Furthermore, 12-month SPI in Bakhtegan and TASHK Lake basin indicated that the meteorological drought index directly affects the changes of the lake area. However, from 2006 to 2012, the inflow to the lake has severely decreased due to the increasing human interventions within the basin such that, during this period, lake surface area does not strongly respond to SPI variations. The results of the forecast model showed that the coefficient of determination between neural network model output (lake area) with observed lake area corresponding to satellite images was equal to 0. 72. As a result, the forecast model could acceptably predict the lake area.

Background: Given the importance of aggression in adolescents and the effects of parenting practices, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of parenting skills intervention on adolescent aggression in Abadeh TASHK town, Fars province, in 2018. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was carried out on 200 adolescents and their parents in Abadeh TASHK in 2018. The sampling was done through the cluster sampling method and the subjects were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups (100 in each group). The study outcomes were aggression and parenting styles measured by the control and education groups before and two months after the intervention. The data were analyzed using the SPSS20 software as well as the statistical tests such as paired t-test, independent t-test and chi-square test. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of physical aggression (P=0. 98), verbal aggression (P=0. 62), anger (P=0. 40), hostility (P=0. 15), and the total aggression score (P=0. 38) before the intervention. However, after the intervention, a significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, hostility, and overall aggression score (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that parenting style intervention was effective in reducing physical and verbal aggression, anger, hostility, and overall aggression in students. It is suggested that long term interventions should be conducted aiming at parental control over the problems of students since childhood.